A solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC) system including a stack of electrolyzer cells configured to receive water or steam in combination with hydrogen, and a steam recycle outlet configured to recycle a portion of the water or steam

A system preferably including a carbon dioxide reactor. A method for carbon dioxide reactor control, preferably including selecting carbon dioxide reactor aspects based on a desired output composition, running a carbon dioxide reactor under controlled process conditions to produce a desired output composition, and/or altering the process conditions to alter the output composition.

A structurally altered gas molecule. The structurally altered gas molecule is a combination of two parts of hydrogen and one part of oxygen and produced from water by placing an electrolyte solution in a chemical reaction chamber, adding purified water to the chemical reaction chamber, and applying a focused magnetic field generated by earth magnets and an electric field to a mixture of the purified water and the electrolyte solution to cause generation of the structurally altered gas molecule from the purified water. A temperature in the chemical reaction chamber is from 60 degrees to 120 degrees in Fahrenheit. A pressure in the chemical reaction chamber is from 1 atmosphere to 40 pounds per square inch gauge (psig). The structurally altered gas molecule has a hydrogen-oxygen-hydrogen bond angles between 94 degrees and 104 degrees and hydrogen-oxygen bond length between 0.95 Angstrom and 1.3 Angstrom.

A structurally altered gas molecule. The structurally altered gas molecule is a combination of two parts of hydrogen and one part of oxygen and produced from water by placing an electrolyte solution in a chemical reaction chamber, adding purified water to the chemical reaction chamber, and applying a focused magnetic field generated by earth magnets and an electric field to a mixture of the purified water and the electrolyte solution to cause generation of the structurally altered gas molecule from the purified water. A temperature in the chemical reaction chamber is from 60 degrees to 120 degrees in Fahrenheit. A pressure in the chemical reaction chamber is from 1 atmosphere to 40 pounds per square inch gauge (psig). The structurally altered gas molecule has a hydrogen-oxygen-hydrogen bond angles between 94 degrees and 104 degrees and hydrogen-oxygen bond length between 0.95 Angstrom and 1.3 Angstrom.

The embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method and apparatus for producing a CNM product that may comprise carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The method and apparatus employ carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) and a carbonate electrolyte that is lithium-free as reactants in an electrolysis reaction in order to make CNTs. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a graphene-defect agent may be introduced into the electrolysis reaction.

The embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method and apparatus for producing a CNM product that may comprise carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The method and apparatus employ carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) and a carbonate electrolyte that is lithium-free as reactants in an electrolysis reaction in order to make CNTs. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a graphene-defect agent may be introduced into the electrolysis reaction.

In accordance with the principles of the present invention, a system and method for the management of the power applied to electrolytic cell is provided. The power management consists a constant current regulation, H-bridge control by pulse width modulation (PWM), and dimming control of the applied current to the electrolytic cell. The constant current regulation is an analog control that maintains the applied current at a user-defined current setpoint. The time scale of constant current regulation ranges from tenth of microseconds to milliseconds. The PWM control of the H-bridge allows for the instant adjustment of the electrolytic production output by turning the cell on and off; the time scale of the PWM control ranges from tenths of milliseconds to seconds. The dimming control allows the change of the applied constant current; the time scale of the dimming control ranges from milliseconds to hours and longer.

Hydrogen peroxide water and, if necessary, sulfuric acid and/or water, are added to a sulfuric acid solution in a storage tank of an electrolytic sulfuric acid solution manufacturing system to enhance the oxidizing power of the sulfuric acid solution supplied to an electrolytic cell to perform electrolysis. The manufacturing system starts up during an initial operation after completion of the system, or after replacement of a sulfuric acid-containing solution in the system, or during an operation after the concentration of a persulfuric acid component in the sulfuric acid solution stored in the system decreases due to shutdown of the system, or other similar situations. By starting up the manufacturing system in this manner, the startup of the system, which manufactures an electrolytic sulfuric acid solution containing a persulfuric acid component generated by electrolyzing sulfuric acid, can be completed in a short time, and the energy consumption can be reduced.

Hydrogen peroxide water and, if necessary, sulfuric acid and/or water, are added to a sulfuric acid solution in a storage tank of an electrolytic sulfuric acid solution manufacturing system to enhance the oxidizing power of the sulfuric acid solution supplied to an electrolytic cell to perform electrolysis. The manufacturing system starts up during an initial operation after completion of the system, or after replacement of a sulfuric acid-containing solution in the system, or during an operation after the concentration of a persulfuric acid component in the sulfuric acid solution stored in the system decreases due to shutdown of the system, or other similar situations. By starting up the manufacturing system in this manner, the startup of the system, which manufactures an electrolytic sulfuric acid solution containing a persulfuric acid component generated by electrolyzing sulfuric acid, can be completed in a short time, and the energy consumption can be reduced.

An electrochemical hydrogen compressor includes: a cell including a proton conductive electrolyte membrane having a pair of principal surfaces, a cathode disposed on a first one of the principal surfaces of the electrolyte membrane, and an anode disposed on a second one of the principal surfaces of the electrolyte membrane; a voltage applicator that applies a voltage between the anode and the cathode; a dew point adjuster that adjusts a dew point of a hydrogen-containing gas to be supplied to the anode; and a controller that, when the temperature of the cell increases, controls the dew point adjuster to increase the dew point of the hydrogen-containing gas.