Provided are electrodialysis systems for removing silica from a desalinated water stream and methods for removing silica from a desalinated water stream. For example, described are bipolar membrane electrodialysis devices for removing silica from water comprising one or more anion exchange membranes; one or more bipolar membranes; and a pair of electrodes comprising a positive electrode and a negative electrode. Also described are electrodialysis systems comprising: one or more electrodialysis devices for the removal of dissolved ions and one or more bipolar membrane electrodialysis devices, wherein a product inlet stream of the one or more bipolar membrane electrodialysis devices comprises the product outlet stream of the one or more electrodialysis devices.

Disclosed is an electrolysis module including: an electrolysis unit module including a plurality of pipe-type electrolysis cells connected in series with each other; a molding case surrounding the periphery of the electrolysis unit module to protect the electrolysis module; a cell guide member installed in the molding case to support the electrolysis unit module; a power cable having a first end connected to the electrolysis unit module and a second end extending to an outside through the molding case; and a resin layer formed by filling the inside of the molding case to cover the outer surface of the electrolysis unit module disposed in the molding case.

A chlorination electrolyser having a housing provided with an inlet and an outlet suitable for the circulation of brine; at least one pair of bipolar electrodes facing each other and positioned within said housing. Each bipolar electrode of the at least one pair has a valve metal substrate; an active coating comprising at least one layer of a catalytic composition comprising ruthenium and titanium disposed over the substrate; a top coating having at least one layer composed of oxides of tantalum, niobium, tin, or combinations thereof disposed over the active coating. A self-cleaning electrochlorination system having the an electrolyser, a method for its production, its use in normal and low salinity pools for hypochlorite mediated water disinfection and a method for hypochlorite-mediated water disinfection.

An electrochemical cell for treating a fluid, the electrochemical cell comprising: at least two opposing electrodes defining a flow path for the fluid between the electrodes, where at least one of the electrodes is formed of electrically conductive diamond material; drive circuitry configured to apply a potential across the electrodes such that a current flows between the electrodes when the fluid is flowed through the flow path between the electrodes; and a housing in which the electrodes are disposed, the housing comprising pressure seals configured to containing the fluid within the fluid path and a support structure for supporting the electrodes, wherein the support structure and the pressure seals are configured such that the electrochemical cell has an operating pressure in a range 2 to 10 bar within which the electrodes are supported without fracturing and within which the fluid is contained within the flow path, wherein the electrodes are spaced apart by a distance in a range 0.5 mm to 4 mm, and wherein the drive circuitry is configured to apply a potential across the electrodes giving a current density ≥15,000 Amp/m.sup.2 over an electrode area of at least 20 cm.sup.2 for an operating voltage of no more than 20 V.

Self-cleaning electrochemical cells, systems including self-cleaning electrochemical cells, and methods of operating self-cleaning electrochemical cells are disclosed. The self-cleaning electrochemical cell can include a plurality of concentric electrodes disposed in a housing, for example, a cathode and an anode, a fluid channel defined between the concentric electrodes, a separator residing between the concentric electrodes, first and second end caps coupled to respective ends of the housing, and an inlet cone. The separators may be configured to localize the electrodes and dimensioned to minimize a zone of reduced velocity occurring downstream from the separator. The end caps and inlet cone may be dimensioned to maintain fully developed flow and minimize pressure drop across the electrochemical cell.

An electrochlorination system comprises a source of feed fluid, a product fluid outlet, and a plurality of electrochemical cells connected fluidically between the source of feed fluid and the product fluid outlet. The system is configured to operate at least one of the plurality of electrochemical cells at one of a first current density or a first flow rate, and to operate another of the plurality of electrochemical cells at a second current density or second flow rate different from the respective first current density or first flow rate.

A water treatment system is disclosed having an electrolytic cell for liberating hydrogen from a base solution. The base solution may be a solution of brine for generating sodium hypochlorite or potable water to be oxidized. The cell has first and second opposing electrode end plates held apart from each other by a pair of supports such that the supports enclose opposing sides of the end plates to form a cell chamber. One or more inner electrode plates are spaced apart from each other in the cell chamber in between the first and second electrode plates. The supports are configured to electrically isolate the first and second electrode plates and the inner electrode plates from each other. The first and second electrode plates are configured to receive opposite polarity charges that passively charge the inner electrode plates via conduction from the base solution to form a chemical reaction in the base solution as the base solution passes through the cell chamber.

Method and apparatus for a low maintenance, high reliability on-site electrolytic generator incorporating automatic cell monitoring for contaminant film buildup, as well as automatically removing or cleaning the contaminant film. This method and apparatus preferably does not require human intervention to clean. For high current density cells, cleaning is preferably performed by reversing the polarity of the electrodes and applying a lower current density to the electrodes, preferably by adjusting the salinity or brine concentration of the electrolyte while keeping the voltage constant. Electrolyte flow preferably comprises water and brine flows which are preferably separately monitored and automatically adjusted. For bipolar cells, flow between modules arranged in parallel is preferably approximately equally distributed between modules and between intermediate electrodes within each module.

A water treatment system is disclosed having electrolytic cell for liberating hydrogen from a base solution. The base solution may be a solution of brine for generating sodium hypochlorite, or potable water to be oxidized. The cell has first and second opposing electrode end plates held apart from each other by a pair of supports such that the supports enclose opposing sides of the end plates to form a cell chamber. One or more inner electrode plates are spaced apart from each other in the cell chamber in between the first and second electrode plates. The supports are configured to electrically isolate the first and second electrode plates and the inner electrode plates from each other. The first and second electrode plates are configured to receive opposite polarity charges that passively charge the inner electrode plates via conduction from the base solution to form a chemical reaction in the base solution as the base solution passes through the cell chamber.

A disinfection device for performing disinfection cycles of water from at least one water circuit of an apparatus, in particular a hypothermia device. The disinfection device includes at least one disinfection circuit for passing through the water from the water circuit having at least one electrolysis cell designed as a flow-through cell for the in situ generation of oxidizing agents. The water circuit is connected to the disinfection circuit to form a common circuit. Electronics control the disinfection cycles. Power is supplied to the components of the provided disinfection circuits.