Disclosed herein are compositions for use in an energy providing devices and methods of preparing such devices. Also included herein is energy providing devices that comprise a charged compound modified substrate or zwitterion-modified substrate or energy providing devices that comprise an electrolyte that comprises a perhalogenatedphenyl azide charged or zwitterionic compound.

Disclosed herein are compositions for use in an energy providing devices and methods of preparing such devices. Also included herein is energy providing devices that comprise a charged compound modified substrate or zwitterion-modified substrate or energy providing devices that comprise an electrolyte that comprises a perhalogenatedphenyl azide charged or zwitterionic compound.

The invention discloses spray-dried compositions for inhalation and methods for preparing such powder compositions. The compositions of the invention are produced by spray-drying taurine under conditions that (i) retain the physical and chemical stability of the composition during spray drying and upon storage, (ii) protect the powder composition from aggregation and (iii) provide particles suitable for aerosolisation.

The invention discloses spray-dried compositions for inhalation and methods for preparing such powder compositions. The compositions of the invention are produced by spray-drying taurine under conditions that (i) retain the physical and chemical stability of the composition during spray drying and upon storage, (ii) protect the powder composition from aggregation and (iii) provide particles suitable for aerosolisation.

The invention discloses spray-dried compositions for inhalation and methods for preparing such powder compositions. The compositions of the invention are produced by spray-drying taurine under conditions that (i) retain the physical and chemical stability of the composition during spray drying and upon storage, (ii) protect the powder composition from aggregation and (iii) provide particles suitable for aerosolisation.

There is disclosed a process for producing taurine from ammonium isethionate by the ammonolysis of alkali isethionate in the presence of alkali ditaurinate or alkali tritaurinate, or their mixture, to inhibit the formation of byproducts and to continuously convert the byproducts of the ammonolysis reaction to alkali taurinate. Alkali taurinate is reacted with ammonium isethionate to obtain taurine and to regenerate alkali isethionate. The production yield is increased to from 90% to nearly quantitative. The ammonolysis reaction is catalyzed by alkali salts of hydroxide, sulfate, sulfite, phosphate, or carbonate.

There is disclosed a process for producing taurine from ammonium isethionate by the ammonolysis of alkali isethionate in the presence of alkali ditaurinate or alkali tritaurinate, or their mixture, to inhibit the formation of byproducts and to continuously convert the byproducts of the ammonolysis reaction to alkali taurinate. Alkali taurinate is reacted with ammonium isethionate to obtain taurine and to regenerate alkali isethionate. The production yield is increased to from 90% to nearly quantitative. The ammonolysis reaction is catalyzed by alkali salts of hydroxide, sulfate, sulfite, phosphate, or carbonate.

There is disclosed a cyclic process for producing taurine from monoethanolamine comprising the steps of: (a) recovering monoethanolamine sulfate from an aqueous mother liquor solution; (b) reacting the monoethanolamine sulfate with sulfuric acid to form an aqueous solution comprised of monoethanolamine bisulfate; (c) heating the aqueous solution comprised of the monoethanolamine sulfate and optionally added monoethanolamine sulfate to yield 2-aminoethyl hydrogen sulfate ester; (d) reacting the ester with ammonium sulfite or an alkali sulfite to yield taurine and ammonium or alkali sulfate; (e) separating taurine and ammonium or alkali sulfate to give an aqueous mother liquor solution; and (f) recovering the monoethanolamine sulfate from the aqueous mother liquor solution and recycling to the monoethanolamine sulfate to step (b).

There is disclosed a cyclic process for producing taurine from monoethanolamine comprising the steps of: (a) recovering monoethanolamine sulfate from an aqueous mother liquor solution; (b) reacting the monoethanolamine sulfate with sulfuric acid to form an aqueous solution comprised of monoethanolamine bisulfate; (c) heating the aqueous solution comprised of the monoethanolamine sulfate and optionally added monoethanolamine sulfate to yield 2-aminoethyl hydrogen sulfate ester; (d) reacting the ester with ammonium sulfite or an alkali sulfite to yield taurine and ammonium or alkali sulfate; (e) separating taurine and ammonium or alkali sulfate to give an aqueous mother liquor solution; and (f) recovering the monoethanolamine sulfate from the aqueous mother liquor solution and recycling to the monoethanolamine sulfate to step (b).

The present invention relates to oxygenated amino and ammonium-containing sulfonic acid, phosphonic acid and carboxylic acid derivatives, in particular the compounds of formula 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, and their medical use, including their use in the treatment, prevention or amelioration of an inflammatory, autoimmune and/or allergic disorder, or a proliferative, neoplastic or dysplastic disease or disorder. ##STR00001##