A catalyst structure includes a plurality of metal oxides formed on a support, where the support includes zirconia and/or silica. The metal oxides include at least three metals selected from the group consisting of chromium, iron, nickel, and a platinum group metal. The catalyst structure can be used in an oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) reaction process for converting an alkane to an olefin. In some embodiments, carbon dioxide utilized in the ODH reaction process is obtained from a flue gas derived from a fossil fuel burning power plant.

Methods, compositions, and articles of manufacture for alkane activation with single- or bi-metallic catalysts on crystalline mixed oxide supports.

The invention relates to a method for producing butadiene from n-butenes having the steps: A) providing an n-butene-comprising feed gas stream a; B) feeding the n-butene-comprising feed gas stream a and an oxygen-comprising gas into at least one oxidative dehydrogenation zone and oxidatively dehydrogenating n-butenes to butadiene, wherein a product gas stream b comprising butadiene, unreacted n-butenes, steam, oxygen, low-boiling hydrocarbons, high-boiling minor components, optionally carbon oxides and optionally inert gases is obtained; Ca) cooling the product gas stream b by contacting it with a refrigerant and condensing at least a part of the high-boiling minor components; Cb) compressing the remaining product gas stream b in at least one compression step, wherein at least one aqueous condensate stream c1 and a gas stream c2 comprising butadiene, n-butenes, steam, oxygen, low-boiling hydrocarbons, optionally carbon oxides and optionally inert gases is obtained; Da) separating off non-condensable and low-boiling gas components comprising oxygen, low-boiling hydrocarbons, optionally carbon oxides and optionally inert gases as gas stream d2 from the gas stream c2 by absorbing the C.sub.4 hydrocarbons comprising butadiene and n-butenes in an absorption medium, wherein an absorption medium stream loaded with C.sub.4 hydrocarbons and the gas stream d2 are obtained, and Db) subsequently desorbing the C.sub.4 hydrocarbons from the loaded absorption medium stream in a desorption column, wherein a C.sub.4 product gas stream d1 is obtained, Dc) separating off the steam condensate from the absorption medium in a phase separator and vaporizing it in a steam generator and providing it again as stripping gas in the desorption column,
wherein, the steam condensate before the vaporization in a steam generator, is subjected to a pretreatment in a further method step.

The present disclosure relates to methods, processes, and systems for utilizing the dehydrogenation of 2-butanol for hydrogen consuming reactions of biomass or biomass-derived molecules.

The invention relates to a method for producing butadiene from n-butenes having the steps: A) providing a feed gas stream a comprising n-butenes; B) feeding the feed gas stream a comprising the n-butenes and an oxygen-comprising gas into at least one oxidative dehydrogenation zone and oxidatively dehydrogenating n-butenes to butadiene, wherein a product gas stream b comprising butadiene, unreacted n-butenes, steam, oxygen, low-boiling hydrocarbons, high-boiling minor components, possibly carbon oxides and possibly inert gases is obtained; Ca) cooling the product gas stream b by contacting it with a refrigerant and condensing at least a part of the high-boiling minor components; Cb) compressing the remaining product gas stream b in at least one compression stage, wherein at least one aqueous condensate stream c1 and a gas stream c2 comprising butadiene, n-butenes, steam, oxygen, low-boiling hydrocarbons, possibly carbon oxides and possibly inert gases are obtained; Da) separating off non-condensable and low-boiling gas components comprising oxygen, low-boiling hydrocarbons, possibly carbon oxides and possibly inert gases as gas stream d2 from the gas stream c2 by absorbing the C.sub.4 hydrocarbon-comprising butadiene and n-butenes in an absorbent, wherein an absorbent stream loaded with C.sub.4 hydrocarbons and the gas stream d2 are obtained, and Db) subsequent desorption of the C.sub.4 hydrocarbons from the loaded absorbent stream in a desorption column, wherein a C.sub.4 product gas stream d1 is obtained,
wherein a polymerization inhibitor is added in step Db) at the column head of the desorption column.

The present disclosure relates to methods, processes, and systems for utilizing the dehydrogenation of 2-butanol for hydrogen consuming reactions of biomass or biomass-derived molecules.

Methods and catalysts for producing ethylene and methanol from natural gas are presented. Methods include integration of oxidative conversion of methane to ethane, ethane in situ thermal cracking using the thermal heat generated thereby and direct hydrogenation of byproducts to methanol or oxidative CO.sub.2 autothermal reforming of methane to syngas.

Disclosed is a process for producing light olefins. In the process for producing light olefins by continuously bringing an alkane feedstock and a catalyst into contact to subject to a dehydrogenation reaction, the reaction pressure P of the dehydrogenation reaction is made 0.6-2 MPa and the volume space velocity H of the dehydrogenation reaction is made 500-1000 h.sup.1. The light olefins production process of the present invention is simple and continuous in operation and has the characteristics of low investment, significant increase in yield of light olefins and high safety.

The present invention relates to a process for hydrogenating nitrile compounds to amino compounds, in which the cross-sectional loading of the reactor during the hydrogenation is less than or equal to 4.0 kg/m.sup.2*s, based on the liquid phase.

In a process for producing styrene, benzene is alkylated with ethylene to produce ethylbenzene and at least some of the ethylbenzene is dehydrogenated to produce styrene, together with benzene and toluene as by-products. At least part of the benzene by-product is passed through a bed of an adsorbent comprising at least one of an acidic clay, alumina, an acidic ion exchange resin and an acidic molecular sieve to remove basic nitrogenous impurities therefrom and produce a purified benzene by-product, which is then recycled to the alkylation step.