The present disclosure provides methods to produce 5-(halomethyl)furfural, including 5-(chloromethyl)furfural, by acid-catalyzed conversion of C6 saccharides, including isomers thereof, polymers thereof, and certain derivatives thereof. The methods make use of acids with lower concentrations, and allows for conversion of sugars into 5-(halomethyl)furfural at higher temperatures and faster reaction or residence times.

Provided is a method for upgrading pyrolysis oil through seawater electrochemical pretreatment of biomass and use thereof. The method includes: (1) crushing and sieving a biomass raw material to obtain a crushed biomass raw material, adding the crushed biomass raw material to a salt solution and mixing to be uniform to obtain a reactant mixture; performing an electrolytic reaction on the reactant mixture under conditions of stirring and an external voltage of 5-15 V for 2-8 hours to obtain a product mixture; after the electrolytic reaction, subjecting the product mixture to a suction filtration, collecting a filter cake, washing the filter cake and drying to obtain a pretreated biomass, and (2) subjecting the pretreated biomass obtained in step (1) to a pyrolysis reaction at a temperature of 400-600° C. for 30-90 minutes in a protective gas atmosphere, and collecting a pyrolysis oil by an organic solvent.

Provided is a method for upgrading pyrolysis oil through seawater electrochemical pretreatment of biomass and use thereof. The method includes: (1) crushing and sieving a biomass raw material to obtain a crushed biomass raw material, adding the crushed biomass raw material to a salt solution and mixing to be uniform to obtain a reactant mixture; performing an electrolytic reaction on the reactant mixture under conditions of stirring and an external voltage of 5-15 V for 2-8 hours to obtain a product mixture; after the electrolytic reaction, subjecting the product mixture to a suction filtration, collecting a filter cake, washing the filter cake and drying to obtain a pretreated biomass, and (2) subjecting the pretreated biomass obtained in step (1) to a pyrolysis reaction at a temperature of 400-600° C. for 30-90 minutes in a protective gas atmosphere, and collecting a pyrolysis oil by an organic solvent.

The present invention relates to a bifunctional chiral organocatalytic compound having excellent enantioselectivity, a preparation method therefor, and a method for producing a non-natural gamma amino acid from a nitro compound by using the chiral organocatalytic compound. According to the present invention, the bifunctional chiral organocatalytic compound having excellent enantioselectivity can be easily synthesized, gamma-amino acids with high optical selectivity can be obtained at a high yield by an economical and convenient method using the chiral organocatalytic compound, and various (R)-configuration gamma-amino acids, which are not present in nature, can be produced with high optical purity in large quantities by using a small amount of a catalyst, and therefore, the present invention can be widely utilized in various industrial fields including the pharmaceutical industry.

An ionic liquid for adding to an electrolyte of a lithium-ion battery, the ionic liquid comprises a compound with a dual core structure having the general formula (I): ##STR00001##
wherein each of cationic group X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 are heterocyclic aromatic and amine.

The present invention provides a palladium(II) complex of formula (1). ##STR00001## R.sub.12, m, and X are described in the specification. The invention also provides a process for the preparation of the complex, and its use in carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom coupling reactions.

The present invention provides a palladium(II) complex of formula (1). ##STR00001## R.sub.12, m, and X are described in the specification. The invention also provides a process for the preparation of the complex, and its use in carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom coupling reactions.

A process is disclosed for the preparation of a compound of formula

##STR00001##

and/or an addition salt of a proton acid, wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 independently represent alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or aralkyl, each aryl or aralkyl being optionally further substituted with alkyl, alkoxy and/or halogen.

A process is disclosed for the preparation of a compound of formula

##STR00001##

and/or an addition salt of a proton acid, wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 independently represent alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or aralkyl, each aryl or aralkyl being optionally further substituted with alkyl, alkoxy and/or halogen.

The present teachings are directed at 1,1-disubstituted alkene monomers (e.g., methylene beta-ketoester monomers), methods for producing the same, polymerizable compositions including a methylene beta-ketoester monomer, and polymers, compositions and products formed therefrom. The monomer preferably is a high purity monomer. In the method for producing the methylene beta-ketoesters of the invention, a beta-ketoester may be reacted with a source of formaldehyde. The methylene beta-ketoester monomers may be used in monomer-based products (e.g., inks, adhesives, coatings, sealants or reactive molding) and polymer-based products (e.g., fibers, films, sheets, medical polymers, composite polymers and surfactants).