Described herein are compounds that are farnesoid X receptor agonists, methods of making such compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments comprising such compounds, and methods of using such compounds in the treatment of conditions, diseases, or disorders associated with farnesoid X receptor activity.

A variety of anodically-coloring electrochromic molecules are provided. In particular, anodically-coloring electrochromic molecules and devices are provided that allow for tuning the absorption bands in the cation state across the visible spectrum while demonstrating little to no coloring or visible absorption in the neutral state, resulting in high-contrast devices. Electrochromic devices are also provided, as well as methods of making the devices and molecules, and methods of use thereof.

The present invention provides compounds and methods for modulation of the quorum sensing of bacteria. In an embodiment, the compounds of the present invention are able to act as replacements for naturally occurring bacterial quorum sensing ligands in a ligand-protein binding system; that is, they imitate the effect of natural ligands and produce an agonistic effect. In another embodiment, the compounds of the present invention are able to act in a manner which disturbs or inhibits the naturally occurring ligand-protein binding system in quorum sensing bacteria; that is, they produce an antagonistic effect. The compounds of the present invention comprise N-acylated-homoserine lactones (AHLs) comprised of a wide range of acyl groups.

The present invention provides compounds and methods for modulation of the quorum sensing of bacteria. In an embodiment, the compounds of the present invention are able to act as replacements for naturally occurring bacterial quorum sensing ligands in a ligand-protein binding system; that is, they imitate the effect of natural ligands and produce an agonistic effect. In another embodiment, the compounds of the present invention are able to act in a manner which disturbs or inhibits the naturally occurring ligand-protein binding system in quorum sensing bacteria; that is, they produce an antagonistic effect. The compounds of the present invention comprise N-acylated-homoserine lactones (AHLs) comprised of a wide range of acyl groups.

A compound represented by a formula [1D] as shown below (wherein R.sup.1A, R.sup.1B, R.sup.2A, R.sup.2B, R.sup.3A and R.sup.3B represent a hydrogen atom, an optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl group, and the like) is useful as an intermediate for producing a thionucleoside, and the production method of the present invention is useful as a method for producing a thionucleoside. ##STR00001##

A compound represented by a formula [1D] as shown below (wherein R.sup.1A, R.sup.1B, R.sup.2A, R.sup.2B, R.sup.3A and R.sup.3B represent a hydrogen atom, an optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl group, and the like) is useful as an intermediate for producing a thionucleoside, and the production method of the present invention is useful as a method for producing a thionucleoside. ##STR00001##

The present invention relates to a composition comprising: (a) at least one compound of thiolactone type, and (b) one or more solvents, which may be identical or different, chosen from polar (non-)protic organic solvents; the pH of said composition being less than or equal to 7.

The present invention relates to a composition comprising: (a) at least one compound of thiolactone type, and (b) one or more solvents, which may be identical or different, chosen from polar (non-)protic organic solvents; the pH of said composition being less than or equal to 7.

The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of substituted thiolactones of formula (I) or of substituted thiolactones of formula (I) which are capable of being obtained by the implementation of this process, and to the use of substituted thiolactones of formula (I) or of formula (I) in the preparation of polymers or in the functionalization of particles, of flat surfaces or of polymers.

The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of substituted thiolactones of formula (I) or of substituted thiolactones of formula (I) which are capable of being obtained by the implementation of this process, and to the use of substituted thiolactones of formula (I) or of formula (I) in the preparation of polymers or in the functionalization of particles, of flat surfaces or of polymers.