The disclosure provides in one aspect a method of treating, ameliorating, and/or preventing toxicity caused by a ribosome inactivating protein (RIP) in a subject. In certain embodiments, the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of the disclosure.

Disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compounds of Formula (I) are useful for activating uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) dependent thermogenesis. Also disclosed herein are methods of treating obesity or metabolic disorders such as diabetes using a compound of Formula (I).

There is provided an α-carbonyl alkenyl ester and a preparation method therefor, and the α-carbonyl alkenyl ester is further used to react with a primary or secondary amine to prepare an amide. The two reactions are combined to develop an amide bond and peptide bond formation method that directly use carboxylic acids and amines as starting materials and allenones as a condensing reagent. The α-carbonyl alkenyl ester corresponding to an α-amino acid serves as a peptide synthesis building block and is used in solid phase peptide synthesis. The method is carried out under mild reaction conditions, simple to operate, and has a high yield. Compared with existing amide bond condensation reagents, the allenones have the advantages of being simple to prepare, having good stability, a low molecular weight, not racemizing when activating α-chiral carboxylic acids, and is a novel amide bond and peptide bond condensing reagent.

There is provided an α-carbonyl alkenyl ester and a preparation method therefor, and the α-carbonyl alkenyl ester is further used to react with a primary or secondary amine to prepare an amide. The two reactions are combined to develop an amide bond and peptide bond formation method that directly use carboxylic acids and amines as starting materials and allenones as a condensing reagent. The α-carbonyl alkenyl ester corresponding to an α-amino acid serves as a peptide synthesis building block and is used in solid phase peptide synthesis. The method is carried out under mild reaction conditions, simple to operate, and has a high yield. Compared with existing amide bond condensation reagents, the allenones have the advantages of being simple to prepare, having good stability, a low molecular weight, not racemizing when activating α-chiral carboxylic acids, and is a novel amide bond and peptide bond condensing reagent.

A resist composition that contains a base material component exhibiting changed solubility in a developing solution under action of acid and a compound (D0) represented by General Formula (d0), in which R.sup.01, R.sup.02, R.sup.03, and R.sup.04 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a hydroxy group, a halogen atom, or an alkyl group; alternatively, R.sup.01 and R.sup.02, R.sup.02 and R.sup.03, or R.sup.03 and R.sup.04 are bonded to each other to form an aromatic ring; R.sup.05 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group; Y represents a group that forms an alicyclic group together with a carbon atom *C; provided that at least one of the carbon atoms that form the alicyclic group is substituted with an ether bond, a thioether bond, a carbonyl group, a sulfinyl group, or a sulfonyl group; m represents an integer of 1 or more, and M.sup.m+ represents an m-valent organic cation

##STR00001##

A resist composition that contains a base material component exhibiting changed solubility in a developing solution under action of acid and a compound (D0) represented by General Formula (d0), in which R.sup.01, R.sup.02, R.sup.03, and R.sup.04 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a hydroxy group, a halogen atom, or an alkyl group; alternatively, R.sup.01 and R.sup.02, R.sup.02 and R.sup.03, or R.sup.03 and R.sup.04 are bonded to each other to form an aromatic ring; R.sup.05 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group; Y represents a group that forms an alicyclic group together with a carbon atom *C; provided that at least one of the carbon atoms that form the alicyclic group is substituted with an ether bond, a thioether bond, a carbonyl group, a sulfinyl group, or a sulfonyl group; m represents an integer of 1 or more, and M.sup.m+ represents an m-valent organic cation

##STR00001##

A class of xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors, and application thereof in the preparation of drugs for treating XO-related diseases. Specifically disclosed is a compound represented by formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

##STR00001##

A class of xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors, and application thereof in the preparation of drugs for treating XO-related diseases. Specifically disclosed is a compound represented by formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

##STR00001##

The disclosure of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof

##STR00001## The variables W, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 are defined in the disclosure. The disclosure provides a compound or salt of Formula I together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The disclosure also provides methods of treating a patient for Parkinson's disease and related syndromes, dyskinesia, especially dyskinesias secondary to treating Parkinson's disease with L-DOPA, neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and dementia, Huntington's disease, restless legs syndrome, bipolar disorder and depression, schizophrenia, cognitive dysfunction, or substance use disorders, the methods comprising administering a compound of Formula I or salt thereof to the patient. The disclosure provides combination methods of treatment in which the compound of Formula I is administered to the patient together with one or more additional active agents.

The disclosure of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof

##STR00001## The variables W, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 are defined in the disclosure. The disclosure provides a compound or salt of Formula I together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The disclosure also provides methods of treating a patient for Parkinson's disease and related syndromes, dyskinesia, especially dyskinesias secondary to treating Parkinson's disease with L-DOPA, neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and dementia, Huntington's disease, restless legs syndrome, bipolar disorder and depression, schizophrenia, cognitive dysfunction, or substance use disorders, the methods comprising administering a compound of Formula I or salt thereof to the patient. The disclosure provides combination methods of treatment in which the compound of Formula I is administered to the patient together with one or more additional active agents.