Paste compositions, methods of making a paste composition, photovoltaic cells, and methods of making a photovoltaic cell contact are disclosed. The paste composition can include a conductive metal component such as aluminum, phosphate glass, phosphorus compounds such as alky! phosphate, and a vehicle. The contact can be formed on a passivation layer on a silicon wafer by applying the paste on the passivation layer and firing the paste. During firing, the metal component can fire through the passivation layer, thereby electrically contacting the silicon substrate.

Paste compositions, methods of making a paste composition, photovoltaic cells, and methods of making a photovoltaic cell contact are disclosed. The paste composition can include a conductive metal component such as aluminum, phosphate glass, phosphorus compounds such as alky! phosphate, and a vehicle. The contact can be formed on a passivation layer on a silicon wafer by applying the paste on the passivation layer and firing the paste. During firing, the metal component can fire through the passivation layer, thereby electrically contacting the silicon substrate.

The present invention is concerned with a nonaqueous electrolytic solution having an electrolyte salt dissolved in a nonaqueous solvent, the nonaqueous electrolytic solution containing a compound represented by the following general formula (X), in which a polar group (X) is bound to a phosphorus atom (P), and capable of improving electrochemical characteristics in a broad temperature range; an energy storage device using the same; and a novel compound.

##STR00001##

In the formula, R.sup.10 and R.sup.20 are each independently an organic group selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkynyl group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms, and an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, or a lithium atom; and X is a polar group (i) containing a —C(═O) group, a —P(═O) group, or an —S(═O).sub.2 group, a polar group (ii) containing a —CN group or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, in which a part of hydrogen atoms is substituted with a fluorine atom, or a 4- to 7-membered ring polar group (iii) containing a —C(═O)—O— group or a —C(═O)—N— group, provided that when X is a 4- to 7-membered ring polar group (iii) containing a —C(═O)—N— group, at least one of R.sup.10 and R.sup.20 is a lithium atom.

Embodiments relate to a polymerizable composition comprising a phosphorus-based mold releasing agent for an optical use whose preparation process is improved, and a process for preparing the phosphorus-based mold releasing agent. The phosphorus-based mold releasing agents can be prepared more easily and conveniently by using phosphorous pentoxide, which can easily react with a monoalcohol and/or water at room temperature in the absence of a catalyst or a solvent. In addition, byproducts are not generated during the reaction. Thus, when a lens is produced by using the mold release agent obtained therefrom, it is possible to prevent a defective appearance of the lens that may be caused by byproducts, thereby further enhancing the appearance properties thereof. Further, since separate steps for removing byproducts, specifically, such steps as washing and filtration, are not required, wastewater is not generated. Thus, it is not only environmentally friendly, but the production cost can also be reduced as the process is simple.

Embodiments relate to a polymerizable composition comprising a phosphorus-based mold releasing agent for an optical use whose preparation process is improved, and a process for preparing the phosphorus-based mold releasing agent. The phosphorus-based mold releasing agents can be prepared more easily and conveniently by using phosphorous pentoxide, which can easily react with a monoalcohol and/or water at room temperature in the absence of a catalyst or a solvent. In addition, byproducts are not generated during the reaction. Thus, when a lens is produced by using the mold release agent obtained therefrom, it is possible to prevent a defective appearance of the lens that may be caused by byproducts, thereby further enhancing the appearance properties thereof. Further, since separate steps for removing byproducts, specifically, such steps as washing and filtration, are not required, wastewater is not generated. Thus, it is not only environmentally friendly, but the production cost can also be reduced as the process is simple.

The use of two-tail long-chain anionic surfactants as additives in aqueous polymer dispersions for production of porous polymer coatings, preferably for production of porous polyurethane coatings, is described.

The use of two-tail long-chain anionic surfactants as additives in aqueous polymer dispersions for production of porous polymer coatings, preferably for production of porous polyurethane coatings, is described.

The present invention relates to novel hydroxyl compounds, compositions comprising hydroxyl compounds, and methods useful for treating and preventing a variety of diseases and conditions such as, but not limited to aging, Alzheimer's Disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, a disorder of glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia, dyslipoproteinemia, hypertension, impotence, inflammation, insulin resistance, lipid elimination in bile, obesity, oxysterol elimination in bile, pancreatitis, pancreatitius, Parkinson's disease, a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-associated disorder, phospholipid elimination in bile, renal disease, septicemia, metabolic syndrome disorders (e.g., Syndrome X), thrombotic disorder. Compounds and methods of the invention can also be used to modulate C reactive protein or enhance bile production in a patient. In certain embodiments, the compounds, compositions, and methods of the invention are useful in combination therapy with other therapeutics, such as hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic agents.

The present invention relates to novel hydroxyl compounds, compositions comprising hydroxyl compounds, and methods useful for treating and preventing a variety of diseases and conditions such as, but not limited to aging, Alzheimer's Disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, a disorder of glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia, dyslipoproteinemia, hypertension, impotence, inflammation, insulin resistance, lipid elimination in bile, obesity, oxysterol elimination in bile, pancreatitis, pancreatitius, Parkinson's disease, a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-associated disorder, phospholipid elimination in bile, renal disease, septicemia, metabolic syndrome disorders (e.g., Syndrome X), thrombotic disorder. Compounds and methods of the invention can also be used to modulate C reactive protein or enhance bile production in a patient. In certain embodiments, the compounds, compositions, and methods of the invention are useful in combination therapy with other therapeutics, such as hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic agents.

A non-aqueous electrolytic solution includes a phosphoric acid diester salt, which can suppress deterioration of charge-discharge characteristics of a power storage element, and can suppress the rise in internal resistance after storage at high temperature. The phosphoric acid diester salt is represented by the following chemical formula (1): ##STR00001##
in which M.sup.n+ represents a hydrogen ion, an alkali metal ion, an alkali earth metal ion, an aluminum ion, a transition metal ion, or an onium ion, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are different from each other and represent a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and having at least one of a halogen atom, a heteroatom, and an unsaturated bond, and n represents a valence.