Flame retardant material comprising a compound of empirical formula (III) ##STR00001## wherein R is H, an alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, or arylalkyl group; M is a metal and y is 3, such that M.sup.(+)y is a metal cation where (+)y represents the charge formally assigned to the cation; a, b, and c represent the ratio of the components to which they correspond relative to one another in the compound, and satisfy a charge-balance equation 2(a)+c=b(y); and a and c are not zero. The presently disclosed flame retardants are useful, for example, in polymer compositions, particularly thermoplastics processed at high temperatures, over a wide range of applications.

A phosphorus-containing flame retardant is produced by reacting at a reaction temperature a mixture including a metal or suitable metal compound and a stoichiometric excess relative to the metal or suitable metal compound of an unsubstituted or alkyl or aryl substituted phosphonic or pyrophosphonic acid, wherein the phosphonic or pyrophosphonic acid is in a molten state at the reaction temperature. The chemical composition of the resulting flame retardant product leads to excellent flame retardancy and exhibits high thermal stability. The presently disclosed flame retardants are useful, for example, in polymer compositions, particularly thermoplastics processed at high temperatures, over a wide range of applications.

A phosphorus-containing flame retardant is produced by reacting at a reaction temperature a mixture including a metal or suitable metal compound and a stoichiometric excess relative to the metal or suitable metal compound of an unsubstituted or alkyl or aryl substituted phosphonic or pyrophosphonic acid, wherein the phosphonic or pyrophosphonic acid is in a molten state at the reaction temperature. The chemical composition of the resulting flame retardant product leads to excellent flame retardancy and exhibits high thermal stability. The presently disclosed flame retardants are useful, for example, in polymer compositions, particularly thermoplastics processed at high temperatures, over a wide range of applications.

This application is a national phase of International Application No PCT/EP2017/065713 filed Jun. 26, 2017 and published in the English language, and claims priority to European Application No 16 183 790.1 filed on Aug. 11, 2016. which are incorporated herein by reference.

The invention relates to degradation of organophosphate neurotoxins with molybdenum complexes. In particular, the degradation of phosphate ester neurotoxins can be performed with molybdenum peroxo complexes resulting in recoverable phosphorus-containing compounds.

The invention relates to degradation of organophosphate neurotoxins with molybdenum complexes. In particular, the degradation of phosphate ester neurotoxins can be performed with molybdenum peroxo complexes resulting in recoverable phosphorus-containing compounds.

A phosphorus-containing flame retardant is produced by reacting at a reaction temperature a mixture including a metal or suitable metal compound and a stoichiometric excess relative to the metal or suitable metal compound of an unsubstituted or alkyl or aryl substituted phosphonic or pyrophosphonic acid, wherein the phosphonic or pyrophosphonic acid is in a molten state at the reaction temperature. The chemical composition of the resulting flame retardant product leads to excellent flame retardancy and exhibits high thermal stability. The presently disclosed flame retardants are useful, for example, in polymer compositions, particularly thermoplastics processed at high temperatures, over a wide range of applications.

A phosphorus-containing flame retardant is produced by reacting at a reaction temperature a mixture including a metal or suitable metal compound and a stoichiometric excess relative to the metal or suitable metal compound of an unsubstituted or alkyl or aryl substituted phosphonic or pyrophosphonic acid, wherein the phosphonic or pyrophosphonic acid is in a molten state at the reaction temperature. The chemical composition of the resulting flame retardant product leads to excellent flame retardancy and exhibits high thermal stability. The presently disclosed flame retardants are useful, for example, in polymer compositions, particularly thermoplastics processed at high temperatures, over a wide range of applications.

A lithium secondary battery includes a positive electrode; a negative electrode; and an electrolyte disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, wherein the positive electrode includes a positive active material represented by Formula 1, and the electrolyte includes a lithium salt; a non-aqueous solvent; and a phosphite compound represented by Formula 2, wherein the phosphite compound is present in amount of about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt % based on a total weight of the electrolyte:

Li.sub.xNi.sub.yM.sub.1-yO.sub.2-zA.sub.z Formula 1

##STR00001## wherein, in Formula 1, 0.9x1.2, 0.7y0.98, and 0z<0.2; M comprises Al, Mg, Mn, Co, Fe, Cr, V, Ti, Cu, B, Ca, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sr, Sb, W, Bi, or a combination thereof; and A is an element having an oxidation number of 1 or 2; wherein in Formula 2, R.sub.1 to R.sub.3 are independently an unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.30 alkyl group or an unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group.

A phosphorus-containing flame retardant is produced by reacting at a reaction temperature a mixture including a metal or suitable metal compound and a stoichiometric excess relative to the metal or suitable metal compound of an unsubstituted or alkyl or aryl substituted phosphonic or pyrophosphonic acid, wherein the phosphonic or pyrophosphonic acid is in a molten state at the reaction temperature. The chemical composition of the resulting flame retardant product leads to excellent flame retardancy and exhibits high thermal stability. The presently disclosed flame retardants are useful, for example, in polymer compositions, particularly thermoplastics processed at high temperatures, over a wide range of applications.