This disclosure is directed, at least in part, to GPR40 agonists useful for the treatment of conditions or disorders involving the gut-brain axis. In some embodiments, the GPR40 agonists are gut-restricted compounds. In some embodiments, the GPR40 agonists are full agonists or partial agonists. In some embodiments, the condition or disorder is a metabolic disorder, such as diabetes, obesity, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or a nutritional disorder such as short bowel syndrome.

The invention relates to a marking precursor incorporating a chelator or fluorination group for radiolabelling with 44Sc, 47Sc, 55Co, 62Cu, 64Cu, 67Cu, 66Ga, 67Ga, 68Ga, 89Zr, 86Y, 90Y, 90Nb, 99mTc, 111ln, 135Sm, 140Pr, 159Gd, 149Tb, 160Tb, 161Tb, 165Er, 166Dy, 166Ho, 175Yb, 177Lu, 186Re, 188Re, 213Bi and 225Ac or with 18F, 131I or 211At, and one or two biological targeting vectors which are coupled to the chelator or fluorinating group via one or more squaric acid groups.

The present invention relates to diamondoid compounds of formula I

D.sup.1-Z.sup.D-(A.sup.1-Z.sup.1).sub.r-B.sup.1-(Z.sup.2-A.sup.2).sub.s-Sp-G   (I)

in which the occurring groups and parameters have the meanings given in claim 1, to the use thereof for the formation of molecular layers, in particular self assembled monolayers (SAM), to a process for the fabrication of a switching element for memristive devices comprising said molecular layers and to a memristic device comprising said switching element.

A surface treatment agent used for treating a substrate having a surface that has two or more regions made of different materials, in which at least one of the two or more regions has a metal surface, and pretreated with an oxidizing agent, the agent including a compound (P) represented by R.sup.1—P(═O)(OR.sup.2)(OR.sup.3), and an organic solvent (S) having a relative dielectric constant of 35 or less. In the formula, R.sup.1 represents an alkyl group or the like, and R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group.

This invention relates to processes for the removal of phosphorous from aqueous waste streams comprising phosphorus-containing compounds produced in the manufacture of glyphosate, in order to meet and typically exceed environmental regulations. More particularly, various embodiments of the present invention relate to the removal of phosphorous-containing compounds utilizing biological treatment system(s), oxidizing agent(s), and/or precipitant(s). The processes of the invention are also applicable to the removal of phosphorous compounds from phosphorous-containing waste streams other than those waste streams resulting from the manufacture of glyphosate.

Methods and compounds are disclosed for treating a disease or condition by inhibiting PSMA (Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen) using prodrugs of 2-PMPA.

A novel compound has pharmacological activities comparable to those of Nahlsgen and is storable excellently stably. The compound can be produced by a method according to the present invention for producing an optically active 2-amino-phosphonoalkanoic acid salt. In the method, a starting material DL-2-amino-phosphonoalkanoic acid represented by Formula (1) or a hydrate thereof is reacted with an optically active basic compound other than an optically active lysine, to give a diastereomeric salt mixture including a first salt (including a hydrate salt) between a D-2-amino-phosphonoalkanoic acid represented by Formula (1-1) and the optically active basic compound, and a second salt (including a hydrate salt) between an L-2-amino-phosphonoalkanoic acid represented by Formula (1-2) and the optically active basic compound. The diastereomeric salt mixture is fractionally crystallized to isolate one of the first and second diastereomeric salts.

##STR00001##

We disclose quinone compounds and related species (Formula I) that possess significant advantages when used as a redox active material in a battery, e.g., a redox flow battery. In particular, the compounds provide redox flow batteries (RFBs) with extremely high capacity retention. For example, RFBs of the invention can be cycled for 500 times with negligible loss of capacity, and such batteries could be employed for years of service. Thus, the invention provides a high efficiency, long cycle life redox flow battery with reasonable power cost, low energy cost, and all the energy scaling advantages of a flow battery. ##STR00001##

A method for preparing the cyclic phosphonate compound of Formula I ##STR00001##
is described. The method significantly improves the stereoselectivity of the compound with the required configuration.

An article that can be used for biomaterial capture comprises (a) a porous substrate; and (b) borne on the porous substrate, a polymer comprising interpolymerized units of at least one monomer consisting of (1) at least one monovalent ethylenically unsaturated group, (2) at least one monovalent ligand functional group selected from acidic groups, basic groups other than guanidino, and salts thereof, and (3) a multivalent spacer group that is directly bonded to the monovalent groups so as to link at least one ethylenically unsaturated group and at least one ligand functional group by a chain of at least six catenated atoms.