Solvent free epoxy system that includes: a hardener compound H comprising: a molecular structure (Y.sup.1R.sub.1Y.sup.2), wherein R.sub.1 is an ionic moiety Y.sup.1 is a nucleophilic group and Y.sup.2 nucleophilic group; and an ionic moiety A acting as a counter ion to R.sub.1; and an epoxy compound E comprising: a molecular structure (Z.sup.1R.sub.2Z.sup.2), wherein R.sub.2 is an ionic moiety, Z.sup.1 comprises an epoxide group, and Z.sup.2 comprises an epoxide group; and an ionic moiety B acting as a counter ion to R.sub.2. In embodiments, the epoxy compound E and/or the hardener H is comprised in a solvent-less ionic liquid. The systems can further include accelerators, crosslinkers, plasticizers, inhibitors, ionic hydrophobic and/or super-hydrophobic compounds, ionic hydrophilic compounds, ionic transitional hydrophobic/hydrophilic compounds, biological active compounds, and/or plasticizer compounds. Polymers made from the disclosed epoxy systems and their methods of used.

The polymerizable composition for optical materials of the present invention includes a polyester polyol (a), a compound (b) of which light absorption characteristics vary by sensing changes in environment; and a polymerization reactive compound (c).

A coating method for a cationic electrodeposition coating material includes: a step of immersing a metallic article to be coated in a first solution bath, a step of immersing the article in a second solution bath and a step of immersing the article in a third solution bath; and at least one of the three steps includes a cationic electrodeposition coating in which a current is applied. A coating film formed through the three steps contains at least: a base resin component (A), a reaction component (B) and a catalyst (C). The first solution bath, the second solution bath and the third solution bath contain the base resin component (A), the reaction component (B) and the catalyst (C) in a combination of one or two of the components.

Provided is an epoxy resin composition that has excellent electric characteristics (particularly low dielectric tangent), and that can achieve high adhesive strength to metal. Specifically, provided is an epoxy resin composition comprising an active ester compound and an epoxy resin having a specific structure.

An epoxy resin composition produces a cured product having improved elastic modulus and improved nominal strain at compressive fracture. The epoxy resin composition is a fiber-reinforced composite material having excellent compression strength and interlayer toughness. The epoxy resin composition contains at least the following constituent components [A], [B] and [C]. [A] A specific ortho type epoxy resin. [B] At least one component selected from the group consisting of: thermoplastic resins that are compatible with the epoxy resin [A]; and core-shell type polymers. [C] An amine curing agent.

The present invention relates to an organic aerogel obtained by reacting a thiol compound having a functionality from 2 to 6 and an epoxy compound having a functionality from 2 to 6 in a presence of a solvent. The organic aerogels according to the present invention are hydrophobic, high performance materials (lightweight, with low thermal conductivity, low shrinkage, and high mechanical properties).

Processes for producing polymer microcapsules using vicinal functional oligomers are also described. The vicinal functional oligomers can be made by polymerizing an acrylate monomer, a styrene monomer, or both in the presence of a chain transfer agent. The vicinal functional oligomers can be reacted with epichlorohydrin to form vicinal epoxies. The vicinal epoxies can be reacted with polyamines to form epoxy polymer microspheres. The vicinal epoxies can be reacted with carbon dioxide in the presence of a catalyst to form vicinal cyclic carbonates. The vicinal cyclic carbonates can be reacted with polyamines to form isocyanate-free polymer microspheres. Polymer microspheres made by the processes are also described.

Provided is a resin composition that can provide a cured product of low dielectric tangent, high mechanical strength, and high adhesiveness. The resin composition contains (A) a resin having a thermosetting functional group FA, (B) a resin having a radical polymerizable functional group FB, and (C) a resin having a functional group FA reacting with the thermosetting functional group FA and a functional group FB reacting with the radical polymerizable functional group FB. A number n.sub.a of the functional group FA of the component (C) when the number of the thermosetting functional group FA of the component (A) is defined as 1 and a number n.sub.b of the functional group FB of the component (C) when the number of the radical polymerizable functional group FB of the component (B) is defined as 1 satisfy 0.01n.sub.a200 and 0.01n.sub.b400, respectively.

A composition for forming a resist underlayer film that functions as an anti-reflective coating during exposure and can be embedded in a recess having a narrow space and a high aspect ratio, and has excellent resistance to an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution. A resist underlayer film-forming composition containing a resin, a compound of the following Formula (1a) or (1b):

##STR00001##

wherein X is carbonyl group or methylene group, 1 and m are each independently an integer of 0 to 5 and satisfy a relational expression of 31+m 10, and n is an integer of 2 to 5, and a solvent, wherein the compound of Formula (1a) or (1b) is contained in an amount of 0.01% by mass to 60% by mass relative to the amount of the resin.

An article of manufacture. The article of manufacture includes a ring-opened lactide copolymer. The ring-opened lactide copolymer is formed in a process that includes reacting a functionalized lactide monomer with a BPA-derived monomer. The reaction forms a lactide copolymer, which is reacted to form the ring-opened lactide copolymer.