The invention provides a furan-modified compound or oligomer. The compound has a structure represented by Formula I:

##STR00001##

When formula I represents a compound, x is an integer of 15; A including a group formed of ketone, amido, imide, imido, phenyl ether or enol ether group; G is a direct bond, O, N, ArNH(CH.sub.2).sub.b, ArO(CH.sub.2).sub.b, ArO(CH.sub.2).sub.aNH(CH.sub.2).sub.b, (CH.sub.2).sub.aNH(CH.sub.2).sub.b, (CH.sub.2).sub.aO(CH.sub.2).sub.b or (CH.sub.2).sub.aCH(OH)(CH.sub.2).sub.bNH; Ar is substituted or unsubstituted arylene group; a is an integer of 1 to 5; and b is an integer of 0 to 5.

A resist underlayer composition and a method of forming patterns, the composition including a solvent; and a polymer that includes a structural unit represented by Chemical Formula 1 and a structural unit represented by Chemical Formula 2,

##STR00001##

New composition and methods are provided that include antireflective compositions that can exhibit enhanced etch rates in standard plasma etchants. Preferred antireflective coating compositions of the invention have decreased carbon content relative to prior compositions.

A series of renewable bisphenols has been synthesized from creosol (2-methoxy-4-methylphenol) through stoichiometric condensation with short chain aldehydes. Creosol can be readily produced from lignin, potentially allowing for the large scale synthesis of bisphenol A replacements from abundant waste biomass. The renewable bisphenols were isolated in good yield and purity without resorting to solvent intense purification methods. Zinc acetate was shown to be selective catalyst for ortho-coupling of formaldehyde but was unreactive with more sterically demanding aldehydes. Dilute HCl and HBr solutions were shown to be effective catalysts for the selective coupling of aldehydes in the position meta to the phenol. Acid solutions could be recycled and used multiple times without decreases in activity or yield.

A method of forming a three-dimensional object is carried out by: (a) providing a cyanate ester dual cure resin; (b) forming a three-dimensional intermediate from said resin, where said intermediate has the shape of, or a shape to be imparted to, said three-dimensional object, and where said resin is solidified by exposure to light; (c) optionally washing the three-dimensional intermediate, and then (d) heating and/or microwave irradiating said three-dimensional intermediate sufficiently to further cure said resin and form said three-dimensional object. Compositions useful for carrying out the method, and products made from the method, are also described.

The present invention provides a cyanic acid ester compound having a structure represented by the following general formula (1): ##STR00001##
wherein n represents an integer of 1 or larger.

An object of the present invention is to provide a resin composition that has a variety of properties required for a material for printed circuit boards such as high flame retardancy, and can attain a cured product having high moldability, high resistance against chemicals in a desmearing step, and a small coefficient of thermal expansion, a prepreg comprising the resin composition, a laminate including the prepreg, a metallic foil clad laminate including the prepreg, and a printed circuit board including the prepreg. A resin composition comprising an acrylic-silicone copolymer (A), a halogen-free epoxy resin (B), a cyanic acid ester compound (C) and/or a phenol resin (D), and an inorganic filler (E).

The cyanate ester compound of the present invention is obtained by cyanating a modified naphthalene formaldehyde resin.

To provide a novel cyanate ester compound that can realize a cured product having low dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent, and excellent flame retardancy and heat resistance, and moreover has relatively low viscosity, excellent solvent solubility, and also excellent handling properties, and a method for producing the cyanate ester compound, and a curable resin composition and the like using the cyanate ester compound. A phenol-modified xylene formaldehyde resin is cyanated.

Disclosed herein are monomer embodiments that can be used to make polymers, such as homopolymers, heteropolymers, and that can be used in particular embodiments to make sequence-defined polymers. Also disclosed herein are methods of making polymers using such monomer embodiments. Methods of using the polymers disclosed herein also are described.