Polymers and fracturing fluid compositions including a base fluid, an effective amount of a hydratable polymer composition including one or more gel-forming hydratable polymers, a friction reducer composition including hydrolyzed or partially hydrolyzed hydrolyzable polymers and copolymers, a cross-linking composition in an amount sufficient to crosslink the one or more gel-forming hydratable polymers to form crosslinked structures within the fracturing fluid composition with or without a proppant and methods including combining an aqueous fluid and an oleaginous fluid to prepare an invert emulsion comprising a polymerizable composition, degassing the invert emulsion under an extensional flow regime through an elongated passageway of an extender and thereby removing oxygen to produce a degassed invert emulsion and compositions and methods including a hydratable additive concentrate comprising a hydratable additive that is at least substantially hydrated and a hydrating liquid, wherein the hydratable additive concentrate is a mixture produced according to a method that includes flowing a hydrating liquid in a extensional flow regime through an elongated passageway of an extender.

Methods of temporarily blocking zones of a subterranean formation for diversion, isolation, and fluid-loss control are provided. The method of diverting a fluid includes introducing a treatment fluid comprising a formate brine, xanthan gum, and a cross-linking agent into the formation; allowing the treatment fluid to set into a gel in perforations in a first zone of the formation to block the perforations in the first zone; introducing a stimulation fluid into the formation; and diverting the stimulation fluid away from the perforations in the first zone to perforations in a second zone of the formation.

A method of hydraulic fracturing may comprise mixing at least one liquid sand mixture with a fluid to produce a fracturing fluid; and conveying the fracturing fluid to two or more wellbores simultaneously, wherein the wellbores penetrate a subterranean formation.

A nanoparticle-resin coated frac sand composition is provided. The nanoparticle-resin coated frac sand composition includes a silica sand, an epoxy resin, methanol, a hardener, and nanoparticles. The nanoparticles may be silica nanoparticles, alumina nanoparticles, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, or titanium oxide (TiO.sub.2) nanoparticles. The methanol is used as a diluent for the epoxy resin. The nanoparticle-resin coated frac sand composition may be used as a proppant in a hydraulic fracturing operation, such by injecting a hydraulic fracturing fluid having the composition into a subterranean formation. Methods of manufacturing the composition and hydraulic fracturing of a subterranean formation are also provided.

A method of fracturing a subterranean formation may comprise: pumping a fracturing fluid into the subterranean formation, through a wellbore, at or above a fracture gradient of the subterranean formation, wherein the fracturing fluid comprises halloysite nanotubes.

An aqueous caustic composition comprising: a caustic component; an amino acid additive adapted to provide an extended buffering effect to the caustic composition when such is exposed to an acid; and water, wherein the caustic component and the amino acid additive are present in a molar ratio ranging from 15:1 to 5:1. Methods of using such compositions are also disclosed.

A method for treating a zone of a well is provided, wherein the fluid is adapted to break in the zone of the well. The method includes the steps of: (A) introducing a well treatment fluid into a desired zone of the well, wherein the well fluid includes: (i) a water phase; (ii) a water-soluble polymer, such as derivatized polyacrylamide, soluble in the water phase; and (iii) an aldehyde or ketone or a source compound that releases the aldehyde or ketone; and (B) allowing the viscosity of the well fluid to break in the zone or proppant pack, and/or, increasing the solubility of the polyacrylamide polymer and reduce formation damage.

A fracturing fluid including a base fluid including salt water, a polymer, a crosslinker, and a nanomaterial. The crosslinker may include a Zr crosslinker, a Ti crosslinker, an Al crosslinker, a borate crosslinker, or a combination thereof. The nanomaterial may include ZrO.sub.2 nanoparticles, TiO.sub.2 nanoparticles, CeO.sub.2 nanoparticles; Zr nanoparticles, Ti nanoparticles, Ce nanoparticles, metal-organic polyhedra including Zr, Ti, Ce, or a combination thereof; carbon nanotubes, carbon nanorods, nano graphene, nano graphene oxide; or any combination thereof. The viscosity and viscosity lifetime of fracturing fluids with both crosslinkers and nanomaterials are greater than the sum of the effects of crosslinkers and nanomaterials taken separately. Moreover, this synergistic effect offers significant, practical advantages, including the ability to use salt water rather than fresh water for fracturing fluids, the ability to reduce polymer loading to achieve a desired viscosity, and the ability to achieve better formation cleanup after the fracturing treatment.

A composition for use as a pressure-tolerant dual-crosslinker gel in a fracturing fluid that comprises polymer, the polymer operable to increase the viscosity of a fluid; boron-containing crosslinker, the boron-containing crosslinker operable to crosslink the polymer; and a transition metal oxide additive, the transition metal oxide additive operable to crosslink the polymer.

Methods of temporarily blocking zones of a subterranean formation for diversion, isolation, and fluid-loss control are provided. The method of diverting a fluid includes introducing a treatment fluid comprising a formate brine, xanthan gum, and a cross-linking agent into the formation; allowing the treatment fluid to set into a gel in perforations in a first zone of the formation to block the perforations in the first zone; introducing a stimulation fluid into the formation; and diverting the stimulation fluid away from the perforations in the first zone to perforations in a second zone of the formation.