Provided are oil-based fuel additive compositions that, when combusted with a fuel containing vanadium in a gas turbine, inhibit vanadium hot corrosion in the gas turbine. The oil-based fuel additive compositions include at least one rare earth element compound or alkaline earth element compound that retards vanadium corrosion resulting from combustion of vanadium rich fuel.

A quaternary ammonium salt of formula (I): wherein X is a linking group; Y is O, NH or NR.sup.1 wherein R.sup.1 is H or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group; Q.sup.+ is a moiety that includes a quaternary ammonium cation; A.sup. is an anion; R.sup.2 is an optionally substituted alkylene group; R.sup.3 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group; and n is 0 or a positive integer; provided that n is not 0 when R.sup.3 is hydrogen.

##STR00001##

Fuel additive compositions that include synergistic mixtures of one or more neutral lubricity additives and one or more monoacidic lubricity additives to provide wear and/or friction reduction in fuels.

Improved methods for producing colloidal dispersions of cerium-containing oxide nanoparticles in substantially non-polar solvents are disclosed. The cerium-containing oxide nanoparticles of an aqueous colloid are transferred to a substantially non-polar liquid comprising one or more amphiphilic materials, one or more low-polarity solvents, and, optionally, one or more glycol ether promoter materials. The transfer is achieved by mixing the aqueous and substantially non-polar materials, forming an emulsion, followed by a phase separation into a remnant polar solution phase and a substantially non-polar organic colloid phase. The organic colloid phase is then collected.

Disclosed herein is a fuel composition having (1) greater than 50 wt % of a hydrocarbon fuel boiling in the gasoline or diesel range and (2) a minor amount of a low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI)-reducing additive having one or more of an amidine, or a beta-amino alkanol having the structure

##STR00001##

R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 are each independently selected from hydrogen, aromatic ring, and a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group and R.sub.5 is hydrogen or an alcohol having the structure (CH)R.sub.6OH. R.sub.6 is hydrogen, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkenyl group, or a salt thereof.

Additive compositions comprising (a) a hydroxycarboxylic acid; and (b) a compound derived from a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid or anhydride wherein the ratio of (a) to (b) in the additive composition ranges from 1:9 to 9:1. The additive compositions may be added to a fuel. Methods of reducing wear in an engine comprising operating the engine using a fuel composition have the additive composition therein. The use of an additive composition in a fuel composition to reduce the fuel composition's coefficient of friction or to reduce wear in an engine.

Certain branched amines are useful as additives for gasoline fuels, especially for reducing injector nozzle fouling in direct injection spark ignition engines.

Method for preventing or reducing low speed pre-ignition events in a spark-ignited internal combustion engine is provided. The method includes supplying to the engine the lubricant composition comprising a primary additive having a structure given by

##STR00001## or a salt thereof. R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are independently H, C.sub.1-C.sub.20 hydrocarbyl group, carboxyl group, ester, amide, ketone, ether, or hydroxyl group. R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are independently H, C.sub.1-C.sub.20 hydrocarbyl group, carboxyl group, ester, amide, ketone, ether, amino, or hydroxyl group or wherein R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are part of a cyclic group. R.sub.5 is C.sub.1-C.sub.100 hydrocarbyl group, carboxyl group, ether, or hydroxyl group. Lastly, p is 0 to 2, n is 1 to 5, m is 0 to 2, and p+n+m is less than 6.

A low sulfur diesel blockage inhibitor as shown in formula (I), a preparation method therefor, and use thereof are provided. In formula (I), x and y are each an integer between 0 and 4; m and n are each selected from H, a C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl group, or a C3-C6 cycloalkyl group. By using a vegetable oil as a raw material, a modified vegetable oil fatty acid is first obtained, and then a polar group of an unsaturated dialdehyde with a certain chain length is introduced into a molecular chain of the modified vegetable oil fatty acid. ##STR00001##

The present invention relates to an additive for fuels such as diesel fuel and fuel oil, used respectively for diesel engines and boilers of various types, comprising a metal oxidation catalyst, an organic nitrate and a dispersing agent in suitable ratios, capable of improving combustion efficiency in such a way as to reduce the formation of particulate matter and consumption.