The present invention relates to the use of a mixture comprising (I) at least one complex ester obtainable by an esterification reaction between (A) at least one aliphatic linear or branched C.sub.2-to C.sub.12-dicarboxylic acid, (B) at least one aliphatic linear or branched polyhydroxy alcohol with 3 to 6 hydroxyl groups, and (C)as a chain stopping agent (C1) at least one aliphatic linear or branched C.sub.1-to C.sub.30-monocarboxylic acid in case of an excess of component (B), or (C2) at least one aliphatic linear or branched monobasic C.sub.1-to C.sub.30 -alcohol in case of an excess of component (A), and (II) at least one aliphatic monocarboxylic acid having from 12 to 30 carbon atoms in a weight ratio of (I):(II) of from 20 to 80:80 to 20 as an additive in a fuel for different purposes.

A mixed low-carbon alcohol ignition agent in a gel paste or a thin cake, and a cylindrical fire-leading coal and a cylindrical coal placed underneath having a high volatile content and honeycomb-like vent holes which are made from solid fuels such as bitumite, lignite, biomass fuels, polyolefin and waste plastics as well as nontoxic excipients, are vertically combined into a coal pile to be combusted in a furnace core, and the number of the pile may be increased. A firing slip of paper is thrown in to ignite the ignition agent from the top, a long-flame combustion is generated soon, and the fire-leading coal catches fire. A high-temperature zone ranging from 400 C. to 800 C. may be rapidly formed in a simple large combustion chamber between the top of the coal pile and the fire-gathering plate. The radiant heat plus the conductive heat is greater than the convective heat, and the red hot coal layer on the surface of the fire-leading coal will gradually move down at a rapid speed, which causes the coal placed underneath to catch fire. The three major components of the coal pile are elaborately formulated and prepared. The material of the furnace core must fit the coal pile. The high-temperature zone is in the upper portion and the low-temperature zone is in the lower portion, which produces an orderly, long-flame, complete combustion and a static combustion without an air blast, thus realizing a combustion with zero smog throughout the whole process starting from the moment of ignition. In addition, the sulfur-fixing rate is high, the cleanliness of the exhaust gas is close to that of natural gas, the exhaust gas may be discharged directly, the heat-generating efficiency is high, the cost is low, the slag is used as a fertilizer, and it is suitable for various small- and micro-sized stoves for heating and warming.

A quaternary ammonium compound of formula (X):

##STR00001## wherein R.sup.0, R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 is each individually an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl or aryl group and R includes an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl moiety having at least 5 carbon atoms.

Fuel and lubricant compositions are provided that contain a primary low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI)-reducing additive comprising (i) an amino additive, (ii) an amine additive, (iii) a triazole additive, (iv) a benzamidinium additive, (v) a benzoxazole additive, or (vi) a NCX motif additive. Methods for preventing or reducing low speed pre-ignition events in spark-ignited engines using these compositions are also provided.

A diesel fuel additive includes a cetane number improver and an at least one organometallic combustion catalyst in solution and/or at least one metal-oxide combustion catalyst in suspension.

Fuel composition for preventing or reducing low speed pre-ignition events in a spark-ignited internal combustion engine is provided. The fuel composition includes a hydrocarbon fuel boiling the gasoline or diesel range and a primary additive having a structure given by

##STR00001##

or a salt thereof. A is a ring moiety; R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are independently H, C.sub.1-C.sub.20 hydrocarbyl group, carboxyl group, ether, or hydroxyl group. R 3 and R 4 are independently H, C.sub.1-C.sub.20 hydrocarbyl group, carboxyl group, ether, amino, or hydroxyl group or wherein R 3 and R 4 are part of a cyclic group. R.sub.5 is C.sub.1-C.sub.100 hydrocarbyl group, carboxyl group, ether, or hydroxyl group; and p is 0 to 2, n is 1 to 3, m is 1 to 3, and p+n+m is less than 5.

The invention provides dispersions comprising I) at least one oil-soluble polymer effective as a cold flow improver for mineral oils, II) at least one organic, water-immiscible solvent, III) a dispersant comprising, based on the total amount of dispersant, a) 10-90% by weight of a salt of an ethercarboxylic acid and b) 90-10% by weight of a nonionic surfactant, IV) water and V) at least one organic, water-miscible solvent.

The disclosed technology relates to a concentrated multi-functional additive that can be continuously dosed in internal combustion engines.

Fuel additive compositions that include synergistic mixtures of one or more neutral lubricity additives and one or more monoacidic lubricity additives to provide wear and/or friction reduction in fuels.

The present disclosure provides fuel additives including Mannich-based quaternary ammonium salt additives, fuel compositions including such additives, and Methods of improving performance of fuel injector using such additives.