A virus-like particle encapsulating a target protein is provided. The virus-like particle contain a Gag protein, and the Gag protein forms a dimer with the target protein.

Embodiments relate to expressing or overexpressing P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) producing cells; isolating HIV particles from the HIV producing cells; and preparing the isolated HIV particles as a HIV vaccine. Embodiments relate to a HIV vaccine comprising live attenuated, inactivated, or non-infectious HIV particles. Embodiments relate to systems performing a method comprising administering a vaccine comprising live attenuated, inactivated, or non-infectious HIV particles to a subject in need of the vaccine; and treating or preventing one or more disease states in the subject resulting from HIV infection. Embodiments relate to expressing or overexpressing PSGL-1 in virus producing cells; and inhibiting viral infection; or inhibiting viral spreading; or inactivating viruses and virus producing cells; or producing non-infectious virion particles; or allowing the virus producing cells to produce non-infectious virions, isolating the virions, and preparing non-infectious virions, the virions being HIV particles.

In one aspect, the invention relates to methods and compositions for determining migration of a virus particle to the nucleus of a cell. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention.

Embodiments relate to methods comprising expressing or overexpressing P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) producing cells; isolating HIV particles from the HIV producing cells; and preparing the isolated HIV particles as a HIV vaccine. Embodiments relate to systems comprising a HIV vaccine comprising live attenuated, inactivated, or non-infectious HIV particles. Embodiments relate to systems capable of performing a method comprising administering a vaccine comprising live attenuated, inactivated, or non-infectious HIV particles to a subject in need of the vaccine; and treating or preventing one or more disease states in the subject resulting from HIV infection. Embodiments relate to methods comprising expressing or overexpressing PSGL-1 in virus producing cells; and inhibiting viral infection; or inhibiting viral spreading; or inactivating viruses and virus producing cells; or producing non-infectious virion particles; or allowing the virus producing cells to produce non-infectious virions, isolating the virions, and preparing non-infectious virions, the virions being HIV particles.

This disclosure relates to a virus-like particle in which a small molecule-protein complex is entrapped, ensuring the formation of the small molecule-protein complex under physiological conditions, while protecting the small molecule-protein complex during purification and identification. The disclosure further relates to the use of such virus-like particle for the isolation and identification of small molecule-protein complexes.

This disclosure relates to a virus-like particle in which a small molecule-protein complex is entrapped, ensuring the formation of the small molecule-protein complex under physiological conditions, while protecting the small molecule-protein complex during purification and identification. The disclosure further relates to the use of such virus-like particle for the isolation and identification of small molecule-protein complexes.

This disclosure relates to a virus-like particle in which a small molecule-protein complex is entrapped, ensuring the formation of the small molecule-protein complex under physiological conditions, while protecting the small molecule-protein complex during purification and identification. The disclosure further relates to the use of such virus-like particle for the isolation and identification of small molecule-protein complexes.

The present invention provides nucleic acid, vectors, viruses, and recombinant cells comprising triple-stranded structures, such as those resulting from central initiation and termination of HIV-1 reverse transcription at the center of HIV-1 linear DNA genomes. These triplex structures can act as a cis-determinant of HIV-1 DNA nuclear import, allowing infection of non-dividing target cells. In one aspect, the presence of the DNA triplex sequence in an HIV vector strongly stimulates gene transfer in hematopoietic stem cells. The invention also provides methods of using these triplex structures for making recombinant cells, as well as methods of using the recombinant cells to express proteins of interest both in vitro and in vivo.

This disclosure relates to a virus-like particle in which a small molecule-protein complex is entrapped, ensuring the formation of the small molecule-protein complex under physiological conditions, while protecting the small molecule-protein complex during purification and identification. The disclosure further relates to the use of such virus-like particle for the isolation and identification of small molecule-protein complexes.

Embodiments relate to expressing or overexpressing P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) producing cells; isolating HIV particles from the HIV producing cells; and preparing the isolated HIV particles as a HIV vaccine. Embodiments relate to a HIV vaccine comprising live attenuated, inactivated, or non-infectious HIV particles. Embodiments relate to systems performing a method comprising administering a vaccine comprising live attenuated, inactivated, or non-infectious HIV particles to a subject in need of the vaccine; and treating or preventing one or more disease states in the subject resulting from HIV infection. Embodiments relate to expressing or overexpressing PSGL-1 in virus producing cells; and inhibiting viral infection; or inhibiting viral spreading; or inactivating viruses and virus producing cells; or producing non-infectious virion particles; or allowing the virus producing cells to produce non-infectious virions, isolating the virions, and preparing non-infectious virions, the virions being HIV particles.