A method of inactivating a proviral DNA integrated into the genome of a host cell latently infected with a retrovirus by treating the host cell with a composition comprising a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)-associated endonuclease, and two or more different guide RNAs (gRNAs), wherein each of the at least two gRNAs is complementary to a different target nucleic acid sequence in a long terminal repeat (LTR) in the proviral DNA, and inactivating the proviral DNA. A composition for use in inactivating a proviral DNA integrated into the genome of a host cell latently infected with a retrovirus including isolated nucleic acid sequences comprising a CRISPR-associated endonuclease and a guide RNA, wherein the guide RNA is complementary to a target sequence in a human immunodeficiency virus.

A method of inactivating a proviral DNA integrated into the genome of a host cell latently infected with a retrovirus by treating the host cell with a composition comprising a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)-associated endonuclease, and two or more different guide RNAs (gRNAs), wherein each of the at least two gRNAs is complementary to a different target nucleic acid sequence in a long terminal repeat (LTR) in the proviral DNA, and inactivating the proviral DNA. A composition for use in inactivating a proviral DNA integrated into the genome of a host cell latently infected with a retrovirus including isolated nucleic acid sequences comprising a CRISPR-associated endonuclease and a guide RNA, wherein the guide RNA is complementary to a target sequence in a human immunodeficiency virus.

Compounds of Formulas I-VI, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and compositions and methods for treating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are set forth. Formula I is exemplified below:

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Various embodiments described herein are directed to compounds of formula (I), (II), (III) or (IV) for use as potent inhibitors of HIV integrase and for treatment of patients afflicted with AIDS. A major challenge of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) chemotherapy continues to be the inevitable selection of resistance by the virus towards known drug regimens. Treating resistant HIV strains calls for novel antivirals with unique structural cores. Some embodiments are directed to compounds featuring a 3-hydroxypyrimidine-2,4-dione-5-carboxamide core that consistently confers low nanomolar potencies against HIV-1 in cell culture. Biochemical testing and molecular modeling results corroborate an antiviral mechanism of action of inhibiting integrase strand transfer (INST). Preliminary testing against raltegravir-resistant HIVs showed marginal cross resistance, suggesting that the chemotypes of the various embodiments described herein could fit an inhibitory profile of second generation INSTIs.

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The present invention discloses positive control material for nucleic acid amplification based detection of microorganisms in biological samples. The control material comprises purified microorganism that is rendered non-infectious but is amenable to nucleic acid amplification. Also disclosed is a process for making and using the control material.

The present invention relates to methods for inactivating a lipid-enveloped virus using environmentally compatible detergents, and to methods for preparing a biopharmaceutical drug using environmentally compatible detergents. The invention also provides environmentally compatible detergents.