A treatment device 1 includes: a treatment tank 2; an electrolytic cell 6 including diamond electrodes continuous from a pipe 4 including a circulation pump 5; and a pipe 7 supplying from the electrolytic cell 6 to the treatment tank 2. The treatment tank 2 and the electrolytic cell 6 are filled with sulfuric acid having a predetermined concentration; current is applied to the electrolytic cell 6 to electrolyze the sulfuric acid and a persulfuric acid solution S is generated by electrolyzing the sulfuric acid; and the persulfuric acid solution S is supplied to the treatment tank 2 through the pipe 7. Besides, inside the treatment tank 2, a PPS resin board 8 is vertically suspended in a state of being fixed to a fixture 8A, and the PPS resin board 8 is treated by the persulfuric acid solution S.

An aqueous composition for use in activating surface of polymers.

An aqueous composition for use in activating surface of polymers.

Provided are chrome-free adhesion pretreatment processes for use on a variety of reinforced or unreinforced plastics and polymers, such as polyimides, polyetherimides and polyvinylchloride. The pretreatment process can be performed in a combination of two sequential operations, which includes treating with a first solution containing nitric acid and subsequently treating with a second solution that includes sulfuric acid and periodate ions. Alternatively, the pretreatment process can be performed by treatment with a single combined composition that includes nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and periodate ions. The pretreatment processes, either done in two separate solutions, sequentially, or in one combined solution, produce an adherent surface for further metallization of the article, with adhesional values of the metal layer higher than those achieved using conventional chromic acid pretreatment processes.

Provided are chrome-free adhesion pretreatment processes for use on a variety of reinforced or unreinforced plastics and polymers, such as polyimides, polyetherimides and polyvinylchloride. The pretreatment process can be performed in a combination of two sequential operations, which includes treating with a first solution containing nitric acid and subsequently treating with a second solution that includes sulfuric acid and periodate ions. Alternatively, the pretreatment process can be performed by treatment with a single combined composition that includes nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and periodate ions. The pretreatment processes, either done in two separate solutions, sequentially, or in one combined solution, produce an adherent surface for further metallization of the article, with adhesional values of the metal layer higher than those achieved using conventional chromic acid pretreatment processes.

The present disclosure relates to a method of making an electrochemically active material, which comprises metal nanostructures encapsulated in LaF.sub.3 shells. The electrochemically active material may be included in an electrode of an F-shuttle battery that includes a liquid electrolyte, which, optionally, allows the F-shuttle batteries to operate at room temperature.

The present invention relates to a chrome free etch for plating on plastic processes, wherein plastic surfaces are contacted in a first etching step with an etching solution at least comprising Mn(IV)-ions and, in a second etching step, with a solution at least comprising Mn(III)- and Mn(VII)-ions prior to the metal plating step.

The present invention relates to a chrome free etch for plating on plastic processes, wherein plastic surfaces are contacted in a first etching step with an etching solution at least comprising Mn(IV)-ions and, in a second etching step, with a solution at least comprising Mn(III)- and Mn(VII)-ions prior to the metal plating step.

A method of producing a film-attached resin base may include supplying a surface treatment gas including at least fluorine gas to a resin base including reinforcing fibers so that embrittled regions are formed in a surface of the resin base and the reinforcing fiber present near the surface of the resin base is modified at least partially; removing at least the embrittled regions so that an uneven surface is formed on the resin base and the reinforcing fiber is at least partially exposed in the uneven surface; and forming a film onto the uneven surface of the resin base.

A support for supporting a component to be plated in a chromic acid-free plating process, the support having a contact surface comprising iodine-treated and/or bromine-treated plastic.