Aqueous compositions useful as pretreatments prior to painting to reduce the formation of rust in the uncoated condition. The compositions consist essentially of water, a trivalent chromium compound with the formula Cr(H.sub.xPO.sub.4).sub.3, where x can be 1.5 or 2, a silica compound, and optionally hydrogen peroxide. The composition may have a pH between about 1 and about 4. A process for treating a metal surface includes contacting the surface with such aqueous compositions. The compositions and the processes provide benefits in comparison to the zinc phosphate metal pretreatment thought to be the standard in the industry.

Aqueous compositions useful as pretreatments prior to painting to reduce the formation of rust in the uncoated condition. The compositions consist essentially of water, a trivalent chromium compound with the formula Cr(H.sub.xPO.sub.4).sub.3, where x can be 1.5 or 2, a silica compound, and optionally hydrogen peroxide. The composition may have a pH between about 1 and about 4. A process for treating a metal surface includes contacting the surface with such aqueous compositions. The compositions and the processes provide benefits in comparison to the zinc phosphate metal pretreatment thought to be the standard in the industry.

A method includes providing a workpiece with at least one surface having an anodized aluminum coating and a trivalent chromium sealant. The at least one surface of the workpiece is submerged in a post-treatment sealant solution for 0.5 to 20 minutes. The sealant composition consists essentially of a corrosion inhibitor formulation, a water soluble polymer, an organic complexing agent, and an oxidant. The corrosion inhibitor formulation is formulated from at least one anodic corrosion inhibitor compound, at least one cathodic corrosion inhibitor compound, or a combination thereof. A concentration of each of the corrosion inhibitor formulation, the water soluble polymer, the organic complexing agent, and the oxidant is each in a range of 1-50 mM.

A method includes providing a workpiece with at least one surface having an anodized aluminum coating and a trivalent chromium sealant. The at least one surface of the workpiece is submerged in a post-treatment sealant solution for 0.5 to 20 minutes. The sealant composition consists essentially of a corrosion inhibitor formulation, a water soluble polymer, an organic complexing agent, and an oxidant. The corrosion inhibitor formulation is formulated from at least one anodic corrosion inhibitor compound, at least one cathodic corrosion inhibitor compound, or a combination thereof. A concentration of each of the corrosion inhibitor formulation, the water soluble polymer, the organic complexing agent, and the oxidant is each in a range of 1-50 mM.

A system including a rod shaped and configured to be formed into a U-bolt, the rod including a body having a pair of opposed threaded ends. The system further includes a blackening coating on an outer surface of the body, and an anticorrosive coating on the blackening coating.

This surface-treated steel includes surface-treated steel comprising: a steel sheet; a plated layer including zinc formed on the steel sheet; and a film formed on the plated layer, wherein the film has a thickness of 100 nm or more and 1000 nm or less, wherein the film includes: an amorphous phase A containing Si, C, O, P, Zn, and V, and one or two or more kinds selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, and Al as constituent elements, wherein Zn/Si, which is a peak intensity ratio between Zn and Si, is 1.0 or more, and V/P, which is a mass ratio between V and P, is 0.050 to 1.000 when analysis is performed by EDS; and an amorphous phase B containing Si, O, and Zn, wherein the amorphous phase B has a Zn/Si ratio of less than 1.0, the Zn/Si ratio is a peak intensity ratio between Zn and Si when analysis is performed by EDS, a Zn content of the amorphous phase A is 10 mass % or less, and in a cross section in a thickness direction, a percentage of a length of an interface between the plated layer and the amorphous phase B to a length of an interface between the plated layer and the film is 30% or more.

A method for manufacturing a copper composite electrode, including contacting a conductive substrate including copper with a phosphate solution for oxidation to produce a copper phosphate structure on a surface of the conductive substrate, thus acquiring a copper phosphate composite electrode.

A method for manufacturing a copper composite electrode, including contacting a conductive substrate including copper with a phosphate solution for oxidation to produce a copper phosphate structure on a surface of the conductive substrate, thus acquiring a copper phosphate composite electrode.

Disclosed herein is a method of pretreatment of a metallic substrate for a subsequent metal cold forming process. The method includes at least steps (1) and (2), namely providing at least one substrate having at least one surface at least partially made of at least one metal (step (1)), contacting the at least one surface of the substrate provided in step (1) with an aqueous lubricant composition (B) (step (2)), where the aqueous lubricant composition (B) includes besides water at least constituents (b1) to (b4) and optionally (b5).

Further disclosed herein are a pretreated metallic substrate obtained by the method, a method of cold forming of a metallic substrate, and an aqueous lubricant composition (B).

This grain-oriented electrical steel sheet includes: a base steel sheet; and an insulating coating formed on a surface of the base steel sheet, in which the base steel sheet includes an iron-based oxide layer containing an iron-based oxide on an insulating coating side, the insulating coating includes an intermediate layer formed on a base steel sheet side and containing a crystalline metal phosphate, and a tension coating layer formed on a surface side of the insulating coating, an average thickness of the iron-based oxide layer is 0.10 to 1.50 ?m, an average thickness of the intermediate layer is 0.3 to 10.0 ?m, an average thickness of the insulating coating is 2.0 to 10.0 ?m, the crystalline metal phosphate of the intermediate layer is one or two or more of zinc phosphate, manganese phosphate, iron phosphate, and zinc calcium phosphate, the tension coating layer contains a metal phosphate and silica, and an amount of the silica in the tension coating layer is 20 to 60 mass %.