A non-oriented electrical steel sheet according to one embodiment of this invention includes a base metal steel sheet and a composite coating film composed of a Zn-containing phosphate and an organic resin, the composite coating film being formed on a surface of the base metal steel sheet. A molar ratio of Zn to all metal components in the composite coating film is 10 mol % or more, and after the non-oriented electrical steel sheet is boiled for 20 minutes in boiled distilled water, an amount of soluble Zn in the distilled water is 1.0 mg/m.sup.2 or more. The method for determining the amount of soluble Zn is in accordance with JIS K 0102: 2016 “Testing Methods for Industrial Wastewater”, 53.3 “ICP Emission Spectroscopy”.

Provided is an Al-plated hot stamped steel material comprising a steel base material, an Al-plating layer formed on at least one surface of the steel base material, and a chemical conversion coating formed on the Al-plating layer and containing zinc phosphate-based crystals and Ce-based compounds deposited on the surfaces of the zinc phosphate-based crystals, wherein an amount of deposition of the zinc phosphate-based crystals in the chemical conversion coating is, converted to metal Zn, 0.3 to 4.0 g/m.sup.2 and an area ratio of the Ce-based compounds in the chemical conversion coating is 0.5 to 25%.

Provided is an Al-plated hot stamped steel material comprising a steel base material, an Al-plating layer formed on at least one surface of the steel base material, and a chemical conversion coating formed on the Al-plating layer and containing zinc phosphate-based crystals and Ce-based compounds deposited on the surfaces of the zinc phosphate-based crystals, wherein an amount of deposition of the zinc phosphate-based crystals in the chemical conversion coating is, converted to metal Zn, 0.3 to 4.0 g/m.sup.2 and an area ratio of the Ce-based compounds in the chemical conversion coating is 0.5 to 25%.

An electrical steel sheet (1) includes a base material (2) of electrical steel, and an insulating film (3) formed on a surface of the base material (2). The insulating film (3) contains a phosphate of one or more selected from the group consisting of Al, Zn, Mg and Ca. A proportion of an amount by mole (mol) of Fe atoms relative to an amount by mole (mol) of P atoms in the insulating film (3) is more than 0.1 nor more than 0.65.

An electrical steel sheet (1) includes a base material (2) of electrical steel, and an insulating film (3) formed on a surface of the base material (2). The insulating film (3) contains a phosphate of one or more selected from the group consisting of Al, Zn, Mg and Ca. A proportion of an amount by mole (mol) of Fe atoms relative to an amount by mole (mol) of P atoms in the insulating film (3) is more than 0.1 nor more than 0.65.

Disclosed is an activating rinse for treating at least a portion of a substrate, comprising a dispersion of metal phosphate particles having a D.sub.90 particle size of no greater than 10 μm, wherein the metal phosphate comprises divalent or trivalent metals or combinations thereof; a dispersant; and a metal sulfate salt. Methods of treating a substrate with the activating rinse also are disclosed. Optionally, substrates treated with the activating rinse also are disclosed.

Disclosed is an activating rinse for treating at least a portion of a substrate, comprising a dispersion of metal phosphate particles having a D.sub.90 particle size of no greater than 10 μm, wherein the metal phosphate comprises divalent or trivalent metals or combinations thereof; a dispersant; and a metal sulfate salt. Methods of treating a substrate with the activating rinse also are disclosed. Optionally, substrates treated with the activating rinse also are disclosed.

Disclosed is a substrate pretreatment system, comprising (a) an activating rinse for treating at least a portion of a substrate comprising a dispersion of metal phosphate particles having a D.sub.90 particle size of no greater than 10 μm, wherein the metal phosphate comprises divalent or trivalent metals or combinations thereof; and (b) a pretreatment composition for treating at least a portion of the substrate treated with the activating rinse, comprising zinc ions and phosphate ions, wherein the pretreatment composition is substantially free of nickel. Methods of treating a substrate with the substrate pretreatment system also are disclosed. Substrates treated with the substrate pretreatment system also are disclosed.

A steel product bent by heating to 600° C. or more, specifically a heat treated steel product having high strength and excellent chemical conversion coating ability which has scale with FeO content of 90% or more, having a thickness of 1 μm or less on the surface.

The present invention is directed to a particle having a chemical conversion coating on at least a portion of the particle surface. The present invention is further directed to a coated substrate comprising: (a) a surface that has been contacted with a particle having a chemical conversion coating on at least a portion of the particle surface such that at least some portion of the substrate becomes treated with the conversion coating.