In a first implementation, a method for exfoliation of graphene flakes from a graphite sample includes compressing a graphite sample in an electrochemical reactor and applying a voltage between the graphite sample and an electrode in the electrochemical cell.

An electrode having an embedded charge contains a substrate, a first electronic charge trap defined at the interface of a first insulating layer and a second insulating layer; and a first conductive layer disposed on the first electronic charge trap; wherein the first conductive layer contains a conductive material configured to permit an external electric field to penetrate the electrode from the first electronic charge trap; and wherein the first insulating layer is not the same as the second insulating layer.

The present invention relates to a method for easily producing nanoparticles by expansion, explosion, vaporization, condensation and cooling of plasma in a liquid by means of heat resistance and, more particularly, to a method for preparing a silicon nanocomposite dispersion having a uniform carbon layer coated on the surface of silicon of which at least one area is connected to a silicon carbide formed by reacting a carbon in liquid (C) during expansion, explosion, vaporization, condensation and cooling, and applied products thereof.

An electrode having an embedded charge contains a substrate, a first electronic charge trap defined at the interface of a first insulating layer and a second insulating layer; and a first conductive layer disposed on the first electronic charge trap; wherein the first conductive layer contains a conductive material configured to permit an external electric field to penetrate the electrode from the first electronic charge trap; and wherein the first insulating layer is not the same as the second insulating layer.

A photoelectrochemical cell includes a cathode with a front and back cathode surface, an anode with front and back anode surfaces, a conductive connector between the cathode and the anode, and an optical waveguide configured to direct sunlight to the back surfaces of the cathode and anode. The cathode is adapted for photoelectric generation of electrons at the back cathode surface and electrolytic generation of hydrogen at the front cathode surface. Similarly, the anode is adapted for photoelectric generation of electrons at the back anode surface and electrolytic generation of oxygen at the front anode surface. The photoelectrochemical cell may also include a waveguide optical concentrator coupled to the waveguide.

Electrodes for use within an ozone generator and method for assembling and using the same.

The present invention relates to a method for easily producing nanoparticles by expansion, explosion, vaporization, condensation and cooling of plasma in a liquid by means of heat resistance and, more particularly, to a method for preparing a silicon nanocomposite dispersion having a uniform carbon layer coated on the surface of silicon of which at least one area is connected to a silicon carbide formed by reacting a carbon in liquid (C) during expansion, explosion, vaporization, condensation and cooling, and applied products thereof.

The invention relates to the use of a ternary alloy having the formula Si.sub.xTi.sub.yNi.sub.z, wherein x, y and z are natural numbers, for use in electrolysis and photoelectrolysis, in particular photo-oxidation of water. One aspect of the invention relates to a method for the manufacture of an electrode, the method comprising a step of heating a carrier comprising a surface having a layer of silicon on which a layer of TiO.sub.2 is disposed, the layer of TiO.sub.2 being covered with a layer of NiO; the heating step being carried out at a temperature above 1,000 C., and preferably between 1,150 C. and 1,250 C. The invention also relates to an electrode comprising a carrier, said electrode having either: an outer surface on which particles of a ternary alloy having the formula Si.sub.xTi.sub.yNi.sub.z are positioned, wherein x, y and z are natural numbers, and wherein the particles form protrusions; or an outer surface consisting of a layer of said alloy, the layer comprising protrusions.

The invention relates to the use of a ternary alloy having the formula Si.sub.xTi.sub.yNi.sub.z, wherein x, y and z are natural numbers, for use in electrolysis and photoelectrolysis, in particular photo-oxidation of water. One aspect of the invention relates to a method for the manufacture of an electrode, the method comprising a step of heating a carrier comprising a surface having a layer of silicon on which a layer of TiO.sub.2 is disposed, the layer of TiO.sub.2 being covered with a layer of NiO; the heating step being carried out at a temperature above 1,000 C., and preferably between 1,150 C. and 1,250 C. The invention also relates to an electrode comprising a carrier, said electrode having either: an outer surface on which particles of a ternary alloy having the formula Si.sub.xTi.sub.yNi.sub.z are positioned, wherein x, y and z are natural numbers, and wherein the particles form protrusions; or an outer surface consisting of a layer of said alloy, the layer comprising protrusions.

Embodiments of the present disclosure describe a photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell comprising a semiconductor photoelectrode configured with at least two light-harvesting faces; a catalyst layer deposited on at least one light-harvesting face and in contact with an electrolyte; a reference electrode deposited on at least another light-harvesting face; and a counter electrode in contact with the electrolyte.