The present disclosure relates to a photoelectrochemical photoelectrode for water splitting, which includes a plate-type photoelectrode including a transparent electrode substrate and a photoanode layer disposed on the transparent electrode substrate, wherein the plate-type photoelectrode exists in a plural number, and the plural plate-type photoelectrodes are disposed in such a manner that the transparent electrode substrate of one photoelectrode may face the photoanode layer of the other photoelectrode, while being spaced apart from each other. In this manner, it is possible to scale-up the photoelectrochemical photoelectrode for water splitting, while providing improved water splitting performance.

A technique may produce a composite at a low temperature by a reducing agent that is easy to handle. A technique may produce a composite in which a metal simple substance or a metal oxide derived from reduced cations, or both of them are supported on a carrier. The technique may include at least: preparing a liquid phase mixture containing at least an alcohol compound as a first reducing agent, a phosphinic acid or a salt thereof as a second reducing agent, the carrier, and a source compound of one or more cations selected including Au, Ag, Cu, Pt, Rh, Ru, Re, Pd, and/or Ir; and reducing the cations in the liquid phase mixture.

According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a solid oxide fuel cell includes a cathode, an anode, and a solid oxide electrolyte disposed between the anode and the cathode. The anode includes a porous scaffold that includes a solid oxide having one or more metal nanoparticles disposed on one or more surfaces of the porous scaffold. The porous scaffold and the solid oxide electrolyte are formed from La.sub.0.8Sr.sub.0.2Ga.sub.0.83Mg.sub.0.17O.sub.2.815 (LSGM), and the metal nanoparticles are selected from the group consisting of platinum, nickel, gold, and combinations thereof. Methods of synthesizing ammonia using the fuel cell are also described.

According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a solid oxide fuel cell includes a cathode, an anode, and a solid oxide electrolyte disposed between the anode and the cathode. The anode includes a porous scaffold that includes a solid oxide having one or more metal nanoparticles disposed on one or more surfaces of the porous scaffold. The porous scaffold and the solid oxide electrolyte are formed from La.sub.0.8Sr.sub.0.2Ga.sub.0.83Mg.sub.0.17O.sub.2.815 (LSGM), and the metal nanoparticles are selected from the group consisting of platinum, nickel, gold, and combinations thereof. Methods of synthesizing ammonia using the fuel cell are also described.

A CoVO.sub.x composite electrode and method of making is described. The composite electrode comprises a substrate with an average 0.5-5 μm thick layer of CoVO.sub.x having pores with average diameters of 2-200 nm. The method of making the composite electrode involves contacting the substrate with an aerosol comprising a solvent, a cobalt complex, and a vanadium complex. The CoVO.sub.x composite electrode is capable of being used in an electrochemical cell for water oxidation.

One variation of an electrolyzer system includes a skid loaded with a set of modules including a feed-supply module, configured to generate a feed mixture of carbon dioxide and water, and, an electrolysis module including: a cell stack arranged within an insulated housing and configured to receive metered volumes of the feed mixture from the feed-supply module to generate a fuel mixture of syngas, water, and carbon dioxide via electrolysis; and a set of heating elements configured to regulate temperature of the cell stack within a target temperature range and regulate temperatures of the feed mixture, the air mixture, and the fuel mixture within the insulated housing. The skid can further include: a processing module configured to extract syngas from the fuel mixture received from the electrolysis module; and a power module configured to drive a voltage across the cell stack to promote electrolysis of the feed mixture.

A single-atom catalyst for use in a water splitting process includes at least one support material and at least one metal catalyst deposited on the surface of the at least one support material. The at least one support material is made of tungsten carbide obtained from a tungstate-metal-aryl compound precursor, and the at least one metal catalyst is selected from a group including Fe, Ni, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, V, Ru, Ir, Ca, Pd, Pt or combinations thereof.

A single-atom catalyst for use in a water splitting process includes at least one support material and at least one metal catalyst deposited on the surface of the at least one support material. The at least one support material is made of tungsten carbide obtained from a tungstate-metal-aryl compound precursor, and the at least one metal catalyst is selected from a group including Fe, Ni, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, V, Ru, Ir, Ca, Pd, Pt or combinations thereof.

The method of producing hydrogen peroxide using nanostructured bismuth oxide is an electrochemical process for producing hydrogen peroxide using a cathode formed as oxygen-deficient nanostructured bismuth oxide deposited as a film on the surface of a conducting substrate. An anode and the cathode are immersed in an alkaline solution saturated with oxygen in an electrolytic cell. An electrical potential is established across the cathode and the anode to initiate electrochemical reduction of the oxygen in the alkaline solution to produce hydrogen peroxide by oxygen reduction reaction.

The method of producing hydrogen peroxide using nanostructured bismuth oxide is an electrochemical process for producing hydrogen peroxide using a cathode formed as oxygen-deficient nanostructured bismuth oxide deposited as a film on the surface of a conducting substrate. An anode and the cathode are immersed in an alkaline solution saturated with oxygen in an electrolytic cell. An electrical potential is established across the cathode and the anode to initiate electrochemical reduction of the oxygen in the alkaline solution to produce hydrogen peroxide by oxygen reduction reaction.