A process provides an unlimited source of ammonia, for primary use as a liquid disinfectant for application directly to human hands or to hand wipes, by combining a carbon nanospike catalyst with a copper catalyst, carbon dioxide, water and water vapor in an electrochemical process initiated by a power source. And a process for making urea by addition of carbon dioxide. Further, an improved process provides for making the carbon nanospike, through injection with photons and electromagnetic waves.

A process provides an unlimited source of ethanol, for primary use as a liquid disinfectant for application directly to human hands or to hand wipes, by combining a carbon nanospike catalyst with a copper catalyst, carbon dioxide, water and water vapor, and injection of photons and electromagnetic waves, in an electrochemical process initiated by a power source. The process also provides an unlimited source for hydrogen peroxide and ammonia. Further, the application provides an improved process for making the carbon nanospike, through injection with photons and electromagnetic waves.

The method for forming a water sterilization electrode includes heating a conductive medium to an elevated temperature in a heating apparatus. The method further includes growing oxide nanostructures on the conductive medium at the elevated temperature by supplying one or more oxidizing gases to the heating apparatus. The method further includes ramping down from the elevated temperature at 2-30° C./min to a room temperature to form the water sterilization electrode having the oxide nanostructures on the conductive medium.

A thin film electrode involving a nanostructured catalytic material deposited onto a surface of a conducting substrate and method of making is described. The nanostructured catalytic material contains cobalt oxide nanoflowers having a central core and nanopetals extending from the central core. The method of making the thin film electrode involves contacting the conducting substrate with an aerosol containing a cobalt complex and a solvent. A method of using the thin film electrode in an electrochemical cell for water splitting is also provided.

Described is an integrated device for solar-driven water splitting. The integrated device includes cobalt phosphide (CoP) electrodes, series-connected perovskite solar cells (PSCs) encapsulated in a polymer, and a metal film connecting the CoP electrodes with the series-connected PSCs. Also described is a method for forming an integrated device for solar-driven water splitting.

Proposed are a photoelectrochemical cell for producing hydrogen peroxide, a method of fabricating the same, and a method of producing hydrogen peroxide using the photoelectrochemical cell. The photoelectrochemical cell includes a photoanode including a photocatalyst, a cathode, and a solid polymer electrolyte layer disposed between the photoanode and the cathode and including a solid polymer electrolyte. The photoelectrochemical cell is for use in the production of hydrogen peroxide, and can produce hydrogen peroxide with electric energy generated from solar energy without requiring the supply of external electric energy.

Proposed are a photoelectrochemical cell for producing hydrogen peroxide, a method of fabricating the same, and a method of producing hydrogen peroxide using the photoelectrochemical cell. The photoelectrochemical cell includes a photoanode including a photocatalyst, a cathode, and a solid polymer electrolyte layer disposed between the photoanode and the cathode and including a solid polymer electrolyte. The photoelectrochemical cell is for use in the production of hydrogen peroxide, and can produce hydrogen peroxide with electric energy generated from solar energy without requiring the supply of external electric energy.

A method foe producing a transparent electrode for oxygen production having a Ta nitride layer on a transparent substrate, including: a step of forming a Ta nitride precursor layer on the transparent substrate; and a step of nitriding the Ta nitride precursor layer with a mixed gas containing ammonia and a carrier gas.

A method for forming a single atom catalyst on a two-dimensional support material involves providing the two-dimensional support material. The two-dimensional support material is combined with at least two heteroatoms and a metal to form a solution. Liquid is removed from the solution to form a material that includes the two-dimensional support material, the at least two heteroatoms, and the metal. The material including the two-dimensional support material, the at least two heteroatoms, and the metal is heated to form the single atom catalyst that includes single atoms of the metal. The at least two heteroatoms bind the single atoms of the metal to, and stabilize the single atoms of the metal on, the two-dimensional support material.

A method for forming a single atom catalyst on a two-dimensional support material involves providing the two-dimensional support material. The two-dimensional support material is combined with at least two heteroatoms and a metal to form a solution. Liquid is removed from the solution to form a material that includes the two-dimensional support material, the at least two heteroatoms, and the metal. The material including the two-dimensional support material, the at least two heteroatoms, and the metal is heated to form the single atom catalyst that includes single atoms of the metal. The at least two heteroatoms bind the single atoms of the metal to, and stabilize the single atoms of the metal on, the two-dimensional support material.