Improvements in an electrolysis electrode structure where fluid or gas enters a chamber with cathode and anode charged conductors to polarize and separate the flow into two separate paths for electrolysis of the fluid or gas. The conductors wrap around magnets to extend the range of the polarizing field beyond the range of the electrode conductors. Iron particles fan-out from the conductors and magnets to further extend the polarizing field from the magnets as well as creating increased surface area for gas or liquids to flow within and around the conductors, magnet and iron particles. Noble metal provides a thin plating that locks the position of the particles and provides an open structure to allow for the flow of gas or fluids at a high rate of flow and prevents the iron particles from being eroded by the flow.

An electrode and a method for fabricating the same is disclosed. For example, the method to fabricate the electrode includes preparing a deposition composition comprising amine-functionalized silver nanoparticles and a solvent and depositing the deposition composition onto an electrically conductive substrate. The electrode can be deployed in a gas diffusion electrode.

An electrode and a method for fabricating the same is disclosed. For example, the method to fabricate the electrode includes preparing a deposition composition comprising amine-functionalized silver nanoparticles and a solvent and depositing the deposition composition onto an electrically conductive substrate. The electrode can be deployed in a gas diffusion electrode.

A start-up process for conditioning an electrolysis system containing ionically conductive membrane, such as a polyelectrolyte multilayer coated proton exchange membranes, to reduce the break-in period is described. The conditioning involves heating the electrolysis feed, the electrolysis system, or both at a temperature above the desired operating temperature to achieve faster startup. In some cases, the voltage is controlled to avoid damage to the sample.

A start-up process for conditioning an electrolysis system containing ionically conductive membrane, such as a polyelectrolyte multilayer coated proton exchange membranes, to reduce the break-in period is described. The conditioning involves heating the electrolysis feed, the electrolysis system, or both at a temperature above the desired operating temperature to achieve faster startup. In some cases, the voltage is controlled to avoid damage to the sample.

An electrolyzer for splitting molecular water into molecular hydrogen and molecular oxygen using electrical energy comprises an anodic half-cell with an anode and a cathodic half-cell with a cathode. The anodic half-cell and the cathodic half-cell are separated from each other by a separator. The anodic half-cell comprises an anodic electrolyte, which is in contact with the anode. The cathodic half-cell comprises a cathodic electrolyte, which is in contact with the cathode. The anodic half-cell comprises an anodic catalyst. The cathodic half-cell contains at least one cation complex for forming at least one mediator complex. The at least one cation complex is reducible to the mediator complex by taking up at least one electron at the cathode. The mediator complex is a catalytically active chemical complex for splitting the molecular water (H.sub.2O) into molecular hydrogen (H.sub.2) and hydroxide ions (OH.sup.−) while releasing at least one electron.

A water electrolysis cell includes a proton-conducting electrolyte membrane, an anode catalyst layer laminated on one face of the electrolyte membrane, and a cathode catalyst layer laminated on another face of the electrolyte membrane. At least one of the anode catalyst layer and the cathode catalyst layer includes, in an in-plane direction of the anode catalyst layer and the cathode catalyst layer, a portion with a high density of catalyst and a portion with a lower density of the catalyst than the portion with a high density.

A water electrolysis cell includes a proton-conducting electrolyte membrane, an anode catalyst layer laminated on one face of the electrolyte membrane, and a cathode catalyst layer laminated on another face of the electrolyte membrane. At least one of the anode catalyst layer and the cathode catalyst layer includes, in an in-plane direction of the anode catalyst layer and the cathode catalyst layer, a portion with a high density of catalyst and a portion with a lower density of the catalyst than the portion with a high density.

An electrochemical system utilizes an anion conducting layer disposed between an anode and a cathode for transporting a working fluid. The working fluid may include carbon dioxide that is dissolved in water and is partially converted to carbonic acid that is equilibrium with bicarbonate anion. An electrical potential across the anode and cathode creates a pH gradient that drives the bicarbonate anion across the anion conducting layer to the cathode, wherein it is reformed into carbon dioxide. Therefore, carbon dioxide is pumped across the anion conducting layer.

An electrochemical system utilizes an anion conducting layer disposed between an anode and a cathode for transporting a working fluid. The working fluid may include carbon dioxide that is dissolved in water and is partially converted to carbonic acid that is equilibrium with bicarbonate anion. An electrical potential across the anode and cathode creates a pH gradient that drives the bicarbonate anion across the anion conducting layer to the cathode, wherein it is reformed into carbon dioxide. Therefore, carbon dioxide is pumped across the anion conducting layer.