The present invention provides a process for incorporating at least one nano-catalyst on the surface of and within a plurality of pores of an electrode. The process includes spraying or dripping a catechol based surfactant onto the surface of and within one or more pores of a solid oxide electrochemical cell having an anode electrode and a cathode electrode; spraying or dripping a nano-catalyst solution onto the surface of and within one or more pores of the solid oxide electrochemical cell that has been pretreated with the catechol based surfactant for forming a modified solid oxide electrochemical cell; and firing the modified solid oxide electrochemical cell above a calcination temperature of the nano-catalyst solution for forming a nano-catalyst on the surface and within at least one or more pores of the solid oxide electrochemical cell.

An electrode catalyst layer for electrochemical cells includes a first catalyst layer and a second catalyst layer. The first catalyst layer has a cell resistance measured at 80° C. and 40% RH lower than that of the second catalyst layer. The electrode catalyst layer for electrochemical cells is used with the first catalyst layer being disposed on an electrolyte membrane side relative to the second catalyst layer. It is preferable that a first catalytically active component contained in the first catalyst layer and a second catalytically active component contained in the second catalyst layer each independently contain at least one element selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, ruthenium, and iridium.

Electrochemical systems and methods for cleaving C—C bonds are disclosed. In performing the method, a reactant adsorption electrical potential, a C—C bond breaking electrical potential, and a desorption electrical potential are sequentially applied to an electrode pair contacting a composition initially containing a target chemical reactant, such as a polymer or alkane. As a result of performing the method, one or more desired chemical products, such as smaller alkane-containing molecules, are released from the electrode into the region between the electrode pairs. The method may be performed at ambient temperatures using renewable electricity.

Electrochemical systems and methods for cleaving C—C bonds are disclosed. In performing the method, a reactant adsorption electrical potential, a C—C bond breaking electrical potential, and a desorption electrical potential are sequentially applied to an electrode pair contacting a composition initially containing a target chemical reactant, such as a polymer or alkane. As a result of performing the method, one or more desired chemical products, such as smaller alkane-containing molecules, are released from the electrode into the region between the electrode pairs. The method may be performed at ambient temperatures using renewable electricity.

An ink formulation and electrode that enhances hydrogen production, oxygen production, carbon dioxide reduction and other electrocatalytic reactions. Embodiments include an ink formulation with polymer binders having different catalytical precursors and a 3D electrode produced by additive manufacturing from the inventor's ink formulation. Various embodiments of the inventor's apparatus, systems, and methods provide inks that that are 3D-printed into patterns that optimize surface area and flow. The catalytic materials are imbedded into the ink matrix which is then printed into a 3D structure that has architecture that optimizes surface area and flow properties.

An ink formulation and electrode that enhances hydrogen production, oxygen production, carbon dioxide reduction and other electrocatalytic reactions. Embodiments include an ink formulation with polymer binders having different catalytical precursors and a 3D electrode produced by additive manufacturing from the inventor's ink formulation. Various embodiments of the inventor's apparatus, systems, and methods provide inks that that are 3D-printed into patterns that optimize surface area and flow. The catalytic materials are imbedded into the ink matrix which is then printed into a 3D structure that has architecture that optimizes surface area and flow properties.

An advanced manufactured electrochemical reactor to convert air (N.sub.2+O.sub.2) to nitric acid (HNO.sub.3) and ammonia (NH.sub.3). The electrochemical reactor platform can be tailored via advanced manufacturing to improve activity, selectivity, energy efficiency and stability of the reactions.

An advanced manufactured electrochemical reactor to convert air (N.sub.2+O.sub.2) to nitric acid (HNO.sub.3) and ammonia (NH.sub.3). The electrochemical reactor platform can be tailored via advanced manufacturing to improve activity, selectivity, energy efficiency and stability of the reactions.

An apparatus for electrolysing seawater to produce hydrogen is disclosed. The apparatus includes a unipolar electrolytic cell configured to operate in cathode-cathode mode and configured to reduce the production of chlorine and/or oxygen.

An apparatus for electrolysing seawater to produce hydrogen is disclosed. The apparatus includes a unipolar electrolytic cell configured to operate in cathode-cathode mode and configured to reduce the production of chlorine and/or oxygen.