To provide a manganese-iridium composite oxide, a manganese-iridium composite oxide and a manganese-iridium composite oxide electrode material, having high catalytic activity produced at low cost, to be used as an anode catalyst for oxygen evolution in water electrolysis, and their production methods.

A manganese-iridium composite oxide, which has an iridium metal content ratio (iridium/(manganese+indium)) of 0.1 atomic % or more and 30 atomic % or less, and has interplanar spacings of at least 0.243±0.002 nm, 0.214±0.002 nm, 0.165±0.002 nm, 0.140±0.002 nm, and a manganese-iridium composite oxide electrode material comprising an electrically conductive substrate constituted by fibers at least part of which are covered with the above manganese-iridium composite oxide.

The invention provides an electrode comprising a substrate and a coating on the substrate. The coating comprises a plurality of layers, including the following layers in sequence moving outwardly from the substrate: a base layer comprising an oxide of a valve metal; a lower layer comprising an oxide of a platinum group metal and/or an oxide of a precious metal; and a mixed oxide primary layer comprising both: (i) an oxide of a platinum group metal and/or an oxide of a precious metal, and (ii) an oxide of a valve metal and/or an oxide of a group 15 metal. The base layer is devoid of any platinum group metal oxide, and the lower layer is devoid of any valve metal oxide. The present invention also provides methods of manufacturing such electrodes. Also provide are methods of using an electrochemical cell equipped with a certain multilayer coated electrode.

The invention provides an electrode comprising a substrate and a coating on the substrate. The coating comprises a plurality of layers, including the following layers in sequence moving outwardly from the substrate: a base layer comprising an oxide of a valve metal; a lower layer comprising an oxide of a platinum group metal and/or an oxide of a precious metal; and a mixed oxide primary layer comprising both: (i) an oxide of a platinum group metal and/or an oxide of a precious metal, and (ii) an oxide of a valve metal and/or an oxide of a group 15 metal. The base layer is devoid of any platinum group metal oxide, and the lower layer is devoid of any valve metal oxide. The present invention also provides methods of manufacturing such electrodes. Also provide are methods of using an electrochemical cell equipped with a certain multilayer coated electrode.

The present invention relates to a carbon-assisted solid oxide electrolysis cell comprising: a cathode, an electrolyte, an anode, and an anode chamber set in the order. The cathode is supplied with water as an oxidant and the reduction reaction occurs. The anode chamber includes carbon fuel and CO.sub.2 absorber, supplied with the water as in situ gasification agent, wherein the water assists the gasification of the carbon fuel to generate CO and H.sub.2. The O.sup.2− ions generated by cathode are transported to the anode through the electrolyte, and react with CO and H.sub.2 generated in the anode chamber as oxidant. The CO produced by the carbon gasification reaction partly reacts with water to generate CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2, while the CO.sub.2 absorber promotes the production of H.sub.2 by absorbing the CO.sub.2 produced by the water gas shift reaction. The present invention can control the internal gas composition of the CA-SOEC anode effectively, improving the performance of the carbon-assisted electrolysis cell and reducing energy consumption. Furthermore, the present invention achieves the simultaneous generation of fuel gas by the cathode and the anode, significantly improving the efficiency of the electrolysis.

The present invention relates to a carbon-assisted solid oxide electrolysis cell comprising: a cathode, an electrolyte, an anode, and an anode chamber set in the order. The cathode is supplied with water as an oxidant and the reduction reaction occurs. The anode chamber includes carbon fuel and CO.sub.2 absorber, supplied with the water as in situ gasification agent, wherein the water assists the gasification of the carbon fuel to generate CO and H.sub.2. The O.sup.2− ions generated by cathode are transported to the anode through the electrolyte, and react with CO and H.sub.2 generated in the anode chamber as oxidant. The CO produced by the carbon gasification reaction partly reacts with water to generate CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2, while the CO.sub.2 absorber promotes the production of H.sub.2 by absorbing the CO.sub.2 produced by the water gas shift reaction. The present invention can control the internal gas composition of the CA-SOEC anode effectively, improving the performance of the carbon-assisted electrolysis cell and reducing energy consumption. Furthermore, the present invention achieves the simultaneous generation of fuel gas by the cathode and the anode, significantly improving the efficiency of the electrolysis.

The present invention provides an electrocatalytic material and a method for making an electrocatalytic material. There is also provided an electrocatalytic material comprising amorphous metal or mixed metal oxides. There is also provided methods of forming an electrocatalyst, comprising an amorphous metal oxide film.

An electrode suitable as chlorine-evolving anode in electrolytic cells and a method for obtaining thereof is provided. The electrode has a metal substrate coated with a catalytic composition made of thin layers based on oxides of tin, iridium and ruthenium and combines excellent characteristics of anodic potential and selectivity with respect to the reaction of chlorine evolution without resorting to the use of dopants such as platinum and palladium.

The invention relates to an electrode suitable for electrolytic treatments of dilute solutions of sodium chloride even at low temperatures. The electrode can be used in the generation of active chlorine-based biocidal agents in ballast water for marine applications. The electrode has a titanium substrate, an inner catalytic coating containing oxides of tantalum, ruthenium and iridium, and an outer catalytic coating containing oxides of titanium, ruthenium and of at least one of nickel, iron and cobalt.

A process is provided for electrochemical reduction, particularly the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to formate. According one embodiment, an electrochemical process includes the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to formate utilizing periodic pulsed anodic polarization, periodic pulsed deep cathodic polarization, or combinations thereof to remove cathodic deposits. Various polarization techniques are disclosed which improve overall Faradaic Efficiency.

A catalyst comprising particles of iridium oxide and a metal oxide (M oxide), wherein the metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of a Group 4 metal oxide, a Group 5 metal oxide, a Group 7 metal oxide and antimony oxide, wherein the catalyst is prepared by subjecting a precursor mixture to flame spray pyrolysis, wherein the precursor mixture comprises a solvent, an iridium oxide precursor and a metal oxide precursor is disclosed. The catalyst has particular use in catalysing the oxygen evolution reaction.