Provided is an electrode structure including a first electrode pattern including a plurality of electrode fingers extending in one direction; and a second electrode pattern which is provided between the plurality of electrode fingers provided in the first electrode pattern to form an interdigitated pattern with the first electrode pattern, wherein a fringe field is generated between the first electrode pattern and the second electrode pattern to regulate growth of a biofilm which is provided on the surface of at least one of the first electrode pattern and the second electrode pattern.

Various aspects described herein relate to electrochemical devices, e.g., for separation of one or more target organic or inorganic molecules (e.g., charged or neutral molecules) from solution, and methods of using the same. In particular embodiments, the electrochemical devices and methods described herein involve at least one redox-functionalized electrode, wherein the electrode comprises an immobilized redox-species that is selective toward a target molecule (e.g., charged molecule such as ion or netural molecule). The selectivity is based on a Faradaic/redox-activated chemical interaction (e.g., directional hydrogen binding) between the oxidized state of the redox species and a moiety of the target molecule (e.g., charged molecule such as ion or netural molecule).

Described herein is an assembly, system and method for electrochemical destruction of perfluoro compounds such as PFOS, PFNA and PFOA, or other oxidizable or reducible compounds. Methods include flowing an aqueous liquid comprising a perfluoro compound into a vessel that houses a bipolar electrode assembly, the bipolar electrode assembly comprising a first electrode stack and second electrode stack, the first electrode stack comprising a first plurality of electrodes and the second electrode stack comprising a second plurality of electrodes, wherein the electrodes span laterally across at least a portion of the vessel, and wherein the electrodes define the boundaries of a tortuous path through the vessel; flowing the aqueous liquid through the vessel via the tortuous path; and applying a voltage to the bipolar electrode assembly while the aqueous liquid flows through the tortuous path to destroy the perfluoro compound.

The present disclosure includes arrangements, systems, and methods for removing mineral deposits. Disclosed is an aqueous solution within a container, with the container containing mineral deposits. The aqueous solution submerges the mineral deposits and may include at least one acid, or a combination of an organic acid and an inorganic acid in percentages that allow the replacement of toxic dangerous chemical ingredients. Disclosed also is a cathode and an anode within the container that are at least partially submerged within the aqueous solution. A direct current power source is configured to direct a voltage across the cathode and the anode to generate an electrical charge gradient within the aqueous solution.

A system and a method for removing gas field chemicals from a feed stream are provided. An exemplary method includes performing a forward osmosis on a feed stream including gas field chemicals to form a concentrated feed stream, and treating the concentrated feed stream in an electrochemical process to form treated water.

The present disclosure discloses recycling treatment equipment for recycling heavy metals from complexed heavy metal wastewater, and belongs to the technical field of wastewater treatment. The recycling treatment equipment includes a wastewater separation and concentration component, an oxidization and decomplexing component, an electrolytic recovery component, and an intelligent detection component. Wastewater containing complexed heavy metals is divided into fresh water and concentrated water by performing microfiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis purification pretreatment, and the fresh water is then recycled in a targeted manner, so that the equipment has energy conservation and discharge reduction effects, can decomplex and recycle heavy metals in the concentrated water, and also synchronously purifies the fresh water. The whole process has the advantages of simple operation, zero sludge, and low treatment cost, so that the equipment is suitable for being greatly promoted.

An apparatus for removal of ions from water having: a carbon coated first current collector; a second current collector; a spacer in between the first and second current collectors to allow water to flow in between the first and second current collectors; a first charge barrier in between the first carbon coated current collector and the spacer to selectively allow anions or cations to flow through the first charge barrier. The apparatus may have a second charge barrier coated on the carbon coated first current collector and in contact with the first charge barrier to improve contact. A third charge barrier functioning as a membrane may be provided in between the second current collector and the spacer.

An oxygen emitter which is an electrolytic cell is disclosed. When the anode and cathode are separated by a critical distance, very small microbubbles and nanobubbles of oxygen are generated. The very small oxygen bubbles remain in suspension, forming a solution supersaturated in oxygen. A flow-through model for oxygenating flowing water is disclosed. The use of supersaturated water for enhancing the growth of plants is disclosed. Methods for applying supersaturated water to plants manually, by drip irrigation or in hydroponic culture are described. The treatment of waste water by raising the dissolved oxygen with the use of an oxygen emitter is disclosed.

A bacterial fuel cell including a plurality of anodes and a plurality of cathodes in liquid communication with a liquid to be purified, the plurality of anodes and the plurality of cathodes each including a metal electrical conductor arranged to be electrically coupled across a load in an electrical circuit and an electrically conductive coating at least between the metal electrical conductor and the liquid to be purified, the electrically conductive coating being operative to mutually seal the liquid and the electrical conductor from each other.

A method for producing a porous carbon electrode includes preparing a slurry by mixing a porous, particulate, conductive carbon powder with a solution of a polymer binding agent for the particulate carbon powder in a solvent for the polymer binding agent, forming a precursor electrode by casting the slurry as a layer and subjecting the cast layer to a wet phase inversion to realize porosity in the cast layer, subjecting the thus obtained precursor electrode to a thermal treatment to cause oxidative stabilization, carbonization, dehydrogenation or cyclisation of the polymer binding agent or a combination of two or more of the afore mentioned phenomena by heating the precursor electrode and converting the polymer binding agent into a conductive binding agent binding the particles of the conductive carbon powder together.