An ion removal kit according to the present invention comprises: a kit case; a filter unit, which is provided inside the kit case, receives raw water from a main flow path for supplying the raw water to a water-requiring place so as to remove, through electrodeionization, at least some of ionic substances included in the received raw water, thereby discharging soft water containing less ionic substances than raw water; a filter flow path which is provided inside the kit case; and a control part which is provided inside the kit case and which controls the filter unit.

Disclosed is a process for enriching silicate content in drinking water that includes separating raw water via reverse osmosis into a permeate comprising demineralised raw water and a retentate comprising mineral enriched raw water. The permeate is mixed with a water glass solution comprising sodium silicate and/or potassium silicate. An ion exchange process is used to reduce the concentration of sodium and/or potassium ions in at least part of the mixture. At least part of the retentate is supplied to the mixture after reducing the concentration of sodium and/or potassium ions to provide a silicate-enriched drinking water. Also disclosed is an apparatus for producing a drinking water enriched with silicate. The apparatus includes a reverse osmosis unit, a mixing unit, an ion exchanger, and a feed unit for feeding at least part of the retentate to the mixture after reducing the concentration of sodium and/or potassium ions.

A method of controlling red tide in a body of sea water involves treating the body of sea water with a quantity of red tide inhibitor adequate to be effective in resisting growth of the red tide. Corresponding apparatus in the nature of floating vessels containing electrolysis cells are also disclosed.

An electrolyzed water generation device is provided with a first flow passage delivering electrolyzed water generated in one of a first polar chamber and a second polar chamber of an electrolytic chamber, a second flow passage delivering electrolyzed water generated in the other one of the first polar chamber and the second polar chamber, a double autochange crossline valve in which a flow rate regulating valve 74 and a flow passage switching valve 85 are interlocked, a polarity switching unit 51 switching the polarities of a first power feeder 41 and a second power feeder 42, a current detection unit 44 detecting a current to be supplied to the first power feeder 41 and the second power feeder 42, a storage unit 55 storing a switching interval for the polarity switching unit 51 and the flow passage switching valve 85, and a switching control unit 52 switching the polarity and the flow passage switching valve 85 based on the switching timing. The switching control unit 52 changes the switching interval stored in the storage portion 55 based on an integrated value of currents after switching the polarity.

An apparatus for treating a stream of contaminated water having an elevated concentration of at least one of light metals, heavy metals, sulfates that includes at least one process fluid inlet communicating with a process conduit; at least one electrode reaction vessel in fluid communication with the process conduit, the reaction vessel having an interior chamber and at least one electrode positioned in the reaction chamber, the electrode powered by a alternating current source; and at least one magnetic field reaction vessel in fluid communication with the process conduit, the magnetic field reaction vessel having an outwardly oriented surface and an opposed inwardly oriented surface, the magnetic field reaction vessel having at least one magnet in contact with the inwardly oriented surface of the magnetic field reaction vessel.

A deionization device is for at least partially deionizing a feed liquid in which at least one electrolyte is dissolved. The device has at least one process channel with a feed inlet for receiving the feed liquid, and a feed outlet; one or more collector channel(s) for collecting the anions and cations separated from the feed liquid; an electrolyte outlet for discharging the collected anions and cations; and at least one channel electrode, at least one separating electrode, and at least one collector electrode. The channel and separating electrodes are placed at opposite sides of the process channel, and the separating and collector electrodes are placed at opposite sides of the collector channel(s). A field generator generates an electric and/or magnetic field between the channel and separating electrodes, and between the separating and collector electrodes, to generate an ion flow from the process to the collector channel(s), which is the same for anions and cations.

A method of providing water suitable for irrigation use includes feeding pre-treated water to an electrodialysis apparatus, treating the pre-treated water in the electrodialysis apparatus by selectively removing either one or both of monovalent anionic and monovalent cationic species from the pre-treated water while retaining either one or both of multivalent anionic and multivalent cationic species to produce a treated water stream having a lower ratio of monovalent ions to multivalent ions than the pre-treated water, and directing the treated water into an irrigation water distribution system.

Systems and methods for electrolytic spa sanitation are provided which control electrodes in a manner that extends the use of electrodes, reducing the frequency of replacement of electrodes. The system also incorporates electrodes that can be easily replaced by a user, further reducing the need to maintenance by trained service personnel. Systems and methods use measurements from ORP, pH, and temperature sensors to determine the amount of sanitizer necessary to be produced from the electrodes. The electrodes are capable or acting as either an anode or a cathode.

An electrochemical cell including a first chamber having an anode, a second chamber having a cathode, at least one ionic connection between the first chamber and the second chamber, such that liquid electrolyte from the first chamber is prevented from mixing with liquid electrolyte in the second chamber is provided. The first chamber and the second chamber can be arranged in parallel and positioned remotely from each other. An electrochemical system including the electrochemical cell, and first and second sources of saline aqueous solutions is also provided. Water treatment systems are also provided. A method of operating an electrochemical cell including introducing first and second saline aqueous solutions into first and second chambers of the electrochemical cell, and applying a current across the anode and the cathode to generate first and second products, respectively is also provided. A method of facilitating operation of an electrochemical cell is also provided.

A method of operating an electrochemical cell including introducing an aqueous solution into the electrochemical cell, applying a current across an anode and a cathode to produce a product, monitoring the voltage, dissolved hydrogen, or a condition of the aqueous solution, and applying the current in a pulsed waveform responsive to one of the measured parameters is disclosed. An electrochemical system including an electrochemical cell including an anode and a cathode, a source of an aqueous solution having an outlet fluidly connectable to the electrochemical cell, a sensor for measuring a parameter, and a controller configured to cause the anode and the cathode to apply the current in a pulsed waveform responsive to the parameter measurement is disclosed. Methods of suppressing accumulation of hydrogen gas within the electrochemical cell are also disclosed. Methods of facilitating operation of an electrochemical cell are also disclosed.