A method and apparatus break down organic materials, typically contaminants, through oxidation. The method for the treatment of a volume of material, provides: a) introducing at least two electrodes into a location, the location containing the volume of material and the volume of material containing one or more species for treatment; b) providing connections between a voltage source and the at least two electrodes; c) applying a voltage of a first polarity to the connections for a first period of time, under the control of a voltage controller; d) applying a voltage of a second, reversed, polarity to the connections for a second period of time, under the control of the voltage controller; e) repeating steps c) and d) a plurality of times; preferably with steps c), d) and e) promoting oxidation of one or more of the one or more species for treatment.

An electrolyzed water generating device 1 has an electrolysis chamber 40, a first feeding body 41 and a second feeding body 41 to which a DC voltage is applied, a diaphragm 43 disposed between the first feeding body 41 and the second feeding body 42 to divide the electrolysis chamber 40 into a first-polar chamber 40a and a second-polar chamber 40b, a control unit 5 for switching a polarity of the first feeding body 41 to an anode or a cathode and a polarity of the second feeding body 42 to a cathode or an anode, a flow rate sensor 22 detecting an amount of flowing water into the electrolysis chamber 40 on the cathode side per unit time, and a current detecting means 44 detecting a DC current supplied to the first feeding body 41 and the second feeding body 42. The surfaces of the first feeding body 41 and the second feeding body 42 are formed of a hydrogen storage metal. The control unit 5 calculates a concentration of hydrogen storage metal colloid based on the DC current and an integrated value of the amount of flowing water after switching the polarities.

A method for remediation of environments contaminated with halogenated organic compounds, in particular per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, the method comprising the steps of placing a plurality of electrodes in the contaminated environment, applying an electric direct current between said electrodes, providing at least one electrically conductive reductant for halogenated organic compounds, obtaining information indicative of the electrical resistance between said electrodes, analyzing said information to detect whether at least one of said electrodes introduced a lower electric current into the contaminated environment compared to the remaining ones of said electrodes and bringing said reductant into or in close proximity to the contaminated environment in response to said detection such that the electrical resistance to the contaminated environment of at least one of said electrodes identified to introduce a lower electric current into the contaminated environment is decreased.

Method and apparatus for a low maintenance, high reliability on-site electrolytic generator incorporating automatic cell monitoring for contaminant film buildup, as well as automatically removing or cleaning the contaminant film. This method and apparatus preferably does not require human intervention to clean. For high current density cells, cleaning is preferably performed by reversing the polarity of the electrodes and applying a lower current density to the electrodes, preferably by adjusting the salinity or brine concentration of the electrolyte while keeping the voltage constant. Electrolyte flow preferably comprises water and brine flows which are preferably separately monitored and automatically adjusted. For bipolar cells, flow between modules arranged in parallel is preferably approximately equally distributed between modules and between intermediate electrodes within each module.

A method of operating an electrochemical device includes periodically discharging a volume of concentrate reject in a timed batch cycle and replacing the concentrate reject with feed water. An electrochemical water treatment system includes a recycle line having a valve controlled by a control module. The control module periodically opens the valve to discharge concentrate reject from the recycle line in a batch timed cycle. The recycle line is fed with feed water to replace the discharged concentrate reject.

An apparatus for electrochemical activation may include an intake for an aqueous salt solution, a flow conduit structured to direct the aqueous salt solution through the apparatus comprising at least two electrodes spaced apart from each other within the flow conduit; a control module electrically coupled to the at least two electrodes, wherein the control module controls application of electricity to the at least two electrodes; and a sensor structured to measure a parameter of the aqueous salt solution and provide feedback to the control module to control an aspect of operation of the apparatus.

An electrode assembly for use in an electrochemical cell for the production of ozone from water is provided, the electrode assembly comprising an electrode body formed from a polycrystalline diamond, the electrode body comprising first and second opposing contact surfaces, the first contact surface for contacting a semi-permeable membrane; wherein the electrode assembly further comprises a first layer comprising an electrically conductive material, the first layer extending across at least a portion of the second contact surface of the electrode body. An electrochemical cell comprising the electrode assembly and its use in the production of ozone by the electrolysis of water is also provided.

The present invention relates to a capacitive deionization electrode module, a water treatment apparatus and method capable of saving energy using the same, and more particularly, to a capacitive deionization electrode module that is capable of improving durability, suppressing fouling, and increasing the amount of incoming water treated and to a water treatment apparatus and method that is capable of recovering and reusing energy generated while a saline adsorbed to the capacitive deionization electrode module is being desorbed through an energy recovery device, thereby saving the energy.

The present invention relates to an apparatus for manufacturing oxygen water or hydrogen water. The apparatus for manufacturing oxygen water or hydrogen water is configured such that oxygen or hydrogen generated from a device for generating oxygen and hydrogen by electrolyzing water is supplied to water using a fluid pump for manufacture of oxygen water or hydrogen water. The apparatus is configured to easily, quickly, and effectively manufacture oxygen water or hydrogen water in a plastic water bottle by dissolving high purity oxygen or hydrogen in source water in the bottle directly. Accordingly, by drinking oxygen water or hydrogen water manufactured thereby, fresh oxygen is supplied to the body, and hydrogen is also supplied to the body and removes harmful reactive oxygen species or reactive carbon species, thereby enabling a healthy life.

A method of operating an electrochemical cell including introducing an aqueous solution into the electrochemical cell, applying a current across an anode and a cathode to produce a product, monitoring the voltage, dissolved hydrogen, or a condition of the aqueous solution, and reversing polarity of the anode and the cathode responsive to one of the measured parameters is disclosed. An electrochemical system including an electrochemical cell including an anode and a cathode, a source of an aqueous solution having an outlet fluidly connectable to the electrochemical cell, a sensor for measuring a parameter, and a controller configured to cause the anode and the cathode to reverse polarity responsive to the parameter measurement is disclosed. Methods of suppressing accumulation of hydrogen gas within the electrochemical cell are also disclosed. Methods of facilitating operation of an electrochemical cell are also disclosed.