A process for increasing the overall yield of pyridine or its alkyl pyridine derivatives during a base synthesis reaction is disclosed. The process comprises reacting a C.sub.2 to C.sub.5 aldehyde, a C.sub.3 to C.sub.5 ketone or a combination thereof, with ammonia and, optionally, formaldehyde, in the gas phase and in the presence of an effective amount of a particulate catalyst comprising a zeolite, zinc, a binder, and clay and optionally a matrix, wherein the catalyst has a L/B ratio of about 1.5 to about 4.0. Preferably, the zeolite is ZSM-5. A process for enhancing the catalytic activity of a zinc and zeolite containing catalyst to increase the overall yield of pyridine and/or its derivatives during a base synthesis reaction is also disclosed.

A process for increasing the overall yield of pyridine or its alkyl pyridine derivatives during a base synthesis reaction is disclosed. The process comprises reacting a C.sub.2 to C.sub.5 aldehyde, a C.sub.3 to C.sub.5 ketone or a combination thereof, with ammonia and, optionally, formaldehyde, in the gas phase and in the presence of an effective amount of a particulate catalyst comprising a zeolite, zinc, a binder, and clay and optionally a matrix, wherein the catalyst has a L/B ratio of about 1.5 to about 4.0. Preferably, the zeolite is ZSM-5. A process for enhancing the catalytic activity of a zinc and zeolite containing catalyst to increase the overall yield of pyridine and/or its derivatives during a base synthesis reaction is also disclosed.

A modified zeolite catalyst composition is disclosed formed from a zeolite, alumina binder, and matrix. The modified zeolite catalyst composition may contain fluorine. Also disclosed, are methods for the preparation of pyridine and/or its alkylpyridine derivatives in high yield utilizing the modified zeolite catalyst composition.

A process for increasing the overall yield of pyridine or its alkyl pyridine derivatives during a base synthesis reaction is disclosed. The process comprises reacting a C.sub.2 to C.sub.5 aldehyde, a C.sub.3 to C.sub.5 ketone or a combination thereof, with ammonia and, optionally, formaldehyde, in the gas phase and in the presence of an effective amount of a particulate catalyst comprising a zeolite, zinc, a binder, and clay and optionally a matrix, wherein the catalyst has a L/B ratio of about 1.5 to about 4.0. Preferably, the zeolite is ZSM-5. A process for enhancing the catalytic activity of a zinc and zeolite containing catalyst to increase the overall yield of pyridine and/or its derivatives during a base synthesis reaction is also disclosed.

A process for increasing the overall yield of pyridine or its alkyl pyridine derivatives during a base synthesis reaction is disclosed. The process comprises reacting a C.sub.2 to C.sub.5 aldehyde, a C.sub.3 to C.sub.5 ketone or a combination thereof, with ammonia and, optionally, formaldehyde, in the gas phase and in the presence of an effective amount of a particulate catalyst comprising a zeolite, zinc, a binder, and clay and optionally a matrix, wherein the catalyst has a L/B ratio of about 1.5 to about 4.0. Preferably, the zeolite is ZSM-5. A process for enhancing the catalytic activity of a zinc and zeolite containing catalyst to increase the overall yield of pyridine and/or its derivatives during a base synthesis reaction is also disclosed.

Provided herein are compounds of formula (I):

##STR00001##

or a stereoisomer or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing, wherein Y.sup.2, Y.sup.3, L.sup.1, L.sup.2, X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.3, X.sup.4, X.sup.5, Q.sup.1, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.k, R.sup.m, and R.sup.n are as defined elsewhere herein. Also provided herein are methods of preparing compounds of formula (I). Also provided herein are methods of inhibiting GYS1 and methods of treating a GYS1-mediated disease, disorder, or condition in an individual in need thereof.

A process for increasing the overall yield of pyridine or its alkyl pyridine derivatives during a base synthesis reaction is disclosed. The process comprises reacting a C.sub.2 to C.sub.5 aldehyde, a C.sub.3 to C.sub.5 ketone or a combination thereof, with ammonia and, optionally, formaldehyde, in the gas phase and in the presence of an effective amount of a particulate catalyst comprising a zeolite, zinc, a binder, and clay and optionally a matrix, wherein the catalyst has a L/B ratio of about 1.5 to about 4.0. Preferably, the zeolite is ZSM-5. A process for enhancing the catalytic activity of a zinc and zeolite containing catalyst to increase the overall yield of pyridine and/or its derivatives during a base synthesis reaction is also disclosed.

A process for increasing the overall yield of pyridine or its alkyl pyridine derivatives during a base synthesis reaction is disclosed. The process comprises reacting a C.sub.2 to C.sub.5 aldehyde, a C.sub.3 to C.sub.5 ketone or a combination thereof, with ammonia and, optionally, formaldehyde, in the gas phase and in the presence of an effective amount of a particulate catalyst comprising a zeolite, zinc, a binder, and clay and optionally a matrix, wherein the catalyst has a L/B ratio of about 1.5 to about 4.0. Preferably, the zeolite is ZSM-5. A process for enhancing the catalytic activity of a zinc and zeolite containing catalyst to increase the overall yield of pyridine and/or its derivatives during a base synthesis reaction is also disclosed.

The present invention discloses a process for the synthesis of 3-methyl-pyridine from formaldehyde, paracetaldehyde, ammonia and acetic acid, whereby said compounds are reacted and said process comprises the following parameters: a) a reaction temperature of 260-300 C.; b) a molar ratio of formaldehyde and paraldehyde (calculated as acetaldehyde) of 0.7-1.4 mol/mol: c) an ammonia concentration of 10-20 weight-% d) an acetic acid concentration of 4-20 weight-% e) a paraldehyde (calculated as acetaldehyde) concentration of 0.4-1.6 Mol/kg f) a retention time of 10-30 minutes in case of a continuous reaction and 10-90 minutes in case of a discontinuous reaction; and g) a reaction pressure of 30-130 bar.

The present invention discloses a process for the synthesis of 3-methyl-pyridine from formaldehyde, paracetaldehyde, ammonia and acetic acid, whereby said compounds are reacted and said process comprises the following parameters: a) a reaction temperature of 260-300 C.; b) a molar ratio of formaldehyde and paraldehyde (calculated as acetaldehyde) of 0.7-1.4 mol/mol: c) an ammonia concentration of 10-20 weight-% d) an acetic acid concentration of 4-20 weight-% e) a paraldehyde (calculated as acetaldehyde) concentration of 0.4-1.6 Mol/kg f) a retention time of 10-30 minutes in case of a continuous reaction and 10-90 minutes in case of a discontinuous reaction; and g) a reaction pressure of 30-130 bar.