The present invention relates to the preparation of a compound of formula VIII: ##STR00001##

The present invention relates to the preparation of a compound of formula VI: ##STR00001##

The present invention relates to the preparation of a compound of formula VI: ##STR00001##

Low-copper click chemistry, 1.3-dipolar cycloadditions, and Staudinger ligations for modifying biomolecules is provided. Compositions, methods, and kits relating to low-copper click chemistry, 1.3-dipolar cycloadditions, and Staudinger ligations are also provided.

Low-copper click chemistry, 1.3-dipolar cycloadditions, and Staudinger ligations for modifying biomolecules is provided. Compositions, methods, and kits relating to low-copper click chemistry, 1.3-dipolar cycloadditions, and Staudinger ligations are also provided.

Provided is a compound showing excellent Antifungal activity against Trichophyton fungus, which is a major causative microorganism of superficial mycosis, and high effectiveness on diseases caused by Trichophyton fungi. A biaryl derivative represented by the formula (I) or a salt thereof: ##STR00001##
wherein ring A is an optionally substituted phenyl, or an optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered ring heteroaryl (ring A may be further condensed to form an optionally substituted fused ring); Q is CH.sub.2, CO, NH, O, S or the like; X.sup.1, X.sup.2 and X.sup.3 are CR.sup.1 or N; Y is CH or N; Z is CR.sup.2b or N; R.sup.2a and R.sup.2b are each a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 haloalkyl group or the like; R.sup.2a and R.sup.2b may form, together with carbon atoms bonded thereto, an optionally substituted carbocycle, or an optionally substituted heterocycle.

Provided is a compound showing excellent Antifungal activity against Trichophyton fungus, which is a major causative microorganism of superficial mycosis, and high effectiveness on diseases caused by Trichophyton fungi. A biaryl derivative represented by the formula (I) or a salt thereof: ##STR00001##
wherein ring A is an optionally substituted phenyl, or an optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered ring heteroaryl (ring A may be further condensed to form an optionally substituted fused ring); Q is CH.sub.2, CO, NH, O, S or the like; X.sup.1, X.sup.2 and X.sup.3 are CR.sup.1 or N; Y is CH or N; Z is CR.sup.2b or N; R.sup.2a and R.sup.2b are each a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 haloalkyl group or the like; R.sup.2a and R.sup.2b may form, together with carbon atoms bonded thereto, an optionally substituted carbocycle, or an optionally substituted heterocycle.

The invention provides compounds of formula I and II and salts thereof, wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, Y, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 have any of the meanings described in the specification, as well as compositions comprising such compounds and salts, and methods for treating cancer using such compounds and salts. ##STR00001##

The invention provides compounds of formula I and II and salts thereof, wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, Y, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 have any of the meanings described in the specification, as well as compositions comprising such compounds and salts, and methods for treating cancer using such compounds and salts. ##STR00001##

Disclosed herein is a method for selectively reducing, using electrical energy, CO.sub.2 to formic acid, a catalyst for use in the method, and an electrochemical reduction system. The method for producing formic acid by electrochemically reducing carbon dioxide of the present invention includes (a) reacting carbon dioxide with a metal complex represented by formula (1), and (b) applying a voltage to a reaction product of the carbon dioxide and the metal complex represented by formula (1): ##STR00001##