Disclosed herein is a method for selectively reducing, using electrical energy, CO.sub.2 to formic acid, a catalyst for use in the method, and an electrochemical reduction system. The method for producing formic acid by electrochemically reducing carbon dioxide of the present invention includes (a) reacting carbon dioxide with a metal complex represented by formula (1), and (b) applying a voltage to a reaction product of the carbon dioxide and the metal complex represented by formula (1): ##STR00001##

The problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a compound suitable for a pharmaceutical composition, specifically a pharmaceutically composition for treating nocturia.

The inventors have assumed that inhibition of nocturnal activity of placental leucine aminopeptidase (P-LAP), i.e. aminopeptidase that cleaves AVP, would maintain and/or increase an endogenous AVP level to enhance the antidiuretic effect, which would contribute to a decreased number of nocturnal voids, and have extensively studied compounds which inhibit P-LAP.

As a result, the inventors have found that (2R)-3-amino-2-{[4-(substituted pyridine)-2-yl]methyl}-2-hydroxy-propanoic acid derivatives have excellent P-LAP inhibitory activity. The inventors have evaluated antidiuretic effects in water-loaded rats and have found that the compounds increase endogenous AVP levels by inhibiting P-LAP and consequently reduce urine production. The present invention therefore provides compounds expected to be used as an agent for treating nocturia based on P-LAP inhibition.

The problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a compound suitable for a pharmaceutical composition, specifically a pharmaceutically composition for treating nocturia.

The inventors have assumed that inhibition of nocturnal activity of placental leucine aminopeptidase (P-LAP), i.e. aminopeptidase that cleaves AVP, would maintain and/or increase an endogenous AVP level to enhance the antidiuretic effect, which would contribute to a decreased number of nocturnal voids, and have extensively studied compounds which inhibit P-LAP.

As a result, the inventors have found that (2R)-3-amino-2-{[4-(substituted pyridine)-2-yl]methyl}-2-hydroxy-propanoic acid derivatives have excellent P-LAP inhibitory activity. The inventors have evaluated antidiuretic effects in water-loaded rats and have found that the compounds increase endogenous AVP levels by inhibiting P-LAP and consequently reduce urine production. The present invention therefore provides compounds expected to be used as an agent for treating nocturia based on P-LAP inhibition.

Disclosed are compounds, compositions and methods for treating of disorders that are affected by the modulation of the GPR40 receptor. Such compounds are represented by Formula (I) as follows:

##STR00001## wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, A, W, L, R.sub.a, and G are defined herein:
and by Formula (II) as follows:

##STR00002##

wherein R.sup.1B, W.sub.B, L.sub.B, , and G.sub.B are defined herein.

The present disclosure relates generally to derivatives of capsazepine and methods of use thereof. In some aspects, the present disclosure relates to using capsazepine derivatives to treat cancer or other hyperproliferative diseases.

The present disclosure relates generally to derivatives of capsazepine and methods of use thereof. In some aspects, the present disclosure relates to using capsazepine derivatives to treat cancer or other hyperproliferative diseases.

A compound has inhibitory activity on Discoidin Domain Receptor 1. The compound includes a urea derivative represented by the formula below or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. ##STR00001##

A fluorine-containing ether compound represented by Formula (1) is provided.

R.sup.1R.sup.2CH.sub.2R.sup.3CH.sub.2R.sup.4R.sup.5 (1)

(In Formula (1), R.sup.1 and R.sup.5 each represents a group having a heterocyclic ring and may be the same as or different from each other, R.sup.2 and R.sup.4 each represents a divalent linking group having a polar group and play be the same as or different from each other, and R.sup.3 represents a perfluoropolyether chain.)

A fluorine-containing ether compound represented by Formula (1) is provided.

R.sup.1R.sup.2CH.sub.2R.sup.3CH.sub.2R.sup.4R.sup.5 (1)

(In Formula (1), R.sup.1 and R.sup.5 each represents a group having a heterocyclic ring and may be the same as or different from each other, R.sup.2 and R.sup.4 each represents a divalent linking group having a polar group and play be the same as or different from each other, and R.sup.3 represents a perfluoropolyether chain.)

An object of the invention is to provide compounds of formula (1) or salts thereof which are effective as agricultural and horticultural fungicides. In the formula, R1 represents, for example, a hydroxy group or a cyano group, R2, R3 and R4 are independent of one another and each represent, for example, a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom, R5 represents, for example, a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom, X represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, Y represents, for example, a phenyl group or a pyridyl group, and the bond including the broken line represents a double bond or a single bond.