Provided herein are prodrug compounds, their preparation and their uses, such as treating liver diseases or nonliver diseases via intervening in molecular pathways in the liver.

Disclosed herein, inter alia, are acyclic nucleotide analogs and methods of using an acyclic nucleotide analog for treating and/or ameliorating a papillomavirus infection.

Provided is a degradation inhibitor that delays the progress of the degradation reaction of 2ccPA and has an excellent stabilization effect by using a carbacyclic phosphatidic acid compound represented by formula (1): ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1 represents hydrogen, alkali metal, alkyl, arylalkyl, or aryl; bonds indicated by solid and dotted lines represent single or double bonds; wavy lines represent single bonds; and when the single bond is adjacent to a double bond, the steric configuration is E-configuration, Z-configuration, or any mixture thereof.

An object t of the present invention is to proroaide crystal of a cyclic phosphonic acid sodium salt (2ccPA) with high purity and excellent storage stability and a method for producing the crystal. The present invention provides a crystal of a cyclic phosphonic acid sodium salt (2ccPA) represented by formula (1):

##STR00001##

Provided herein are prodrug compounds, their preparation and their uses, such as treating liver diseases or nonliver diseases via intervening in molecular pathways in the liver. Novel prodrug compounds of acid/alcohol derivatives such as phosphates, phosphonates, phosphonamidates, phosphoramidates, carboxylates, phenolates, and alkoxylates, their preparation and their uses are described. Some of the novel prodrug compounds described herein do not generate a vinyl keto reactive intermediate in the activation process. Another aspect includes the use of prodrugs to treat diseases that benefit from enhanced drug distribution to the liver and like tissues and cells.

A phosphorus-containing flame retardant, a preparation method thereof, a resin composition comprising the phosphorus-containing flame retardant and an article made therefrom are disclosed. The phosphorus-containing flame retardant is characterized by having the advantages of high phosphorus content, high resin compatibility, not increasing gel time of varnish and low water absorption rate, and is therefore suitable for use as a flame retardant of various resin materials.

An object of the present invention is to provide a crystal of a cyclic phosphonic acid sodium salt (2ccPA) with high purity and excellent storage stability and a method for producing the crystal. The present invention provides a crystal of a cyclic phosphonic acid sodium salt (2ccPA) represented by formula (1): ##STR00001##

The present invention provides a nonaqueous electrolytic solution capable of suppressing worsening of heat stability of a negative electrode and improving safety of an energy storage device while maintaining high-load charging and discharging cycle properties at a high temperature, an energy storage device using the same, and a phosphonoformic acid compound to be used for the same. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution having an electrolyte salt dissolved in a nonaqueous solvent contains 0.001 to 5% by mass of at least one selected from a phosphonoformic acid compound having at least one carbon-carbon unsaturated bond, which is represented by the following general formula (I), and a phosphonoformic acid compound having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond or two phosphonocarbonyl groups, which is represented by the following general formula (II). ##STR00001## In the formula (I), each of R.sup.1 to R.sup.3 is an aliphatic organic group, provided that at least one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.3 represents a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond-containing aliphatic organic group. ##STR00002## In the formula (II), each of R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 represents an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, or an aryl group, and R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 may be bonded to each other to form a ring structure. m represents 1 or 2; when m is 1, then R.sup.6 represents an aryl group; when m is 2, then R.sup.6 represents an alkylene group, an alkenylene group, or an alkynylene group; and a part of hydrogen atoms of R.sup.4 to R.sup.6 may be substituted with a halogen atom.

A compound, enantiomer, prodrug, diastereomer, or salt is provided which is an activator of the enzyme glucokinase and thus is believed to be useful in as treating diabetes and related diseases, which compound has the structure (I). A method for treating diabetes and related disease employing the compound, enantiomer, prodrug, diastereomer, or salt is also provided.

##STR00001##

An organic phosphorus-based compound which satisfies the following requirements (i) to (viii) and is represented by the following formula (1): (i) the organic purity should be not lower than 98%; (ii) the solubility in 20? C. water should be not higher than 0.1 g/100 g of water; (iii) the total halogen component content should be not higher than 1,000 ppm; (iv) the total volatile organic matter content should be not higher than 800 ppm; (v) the ? pH value should be not larger than 1.0; (vi) the volume standard median diameter should be not larger than 30 ?m; (vii) the maximum particle diameter should be not larger than 200 ?m; and (viii) the standard deviation represented by the following formula should be not larger than 20 ?m. Standard deviation=(d84%+d16%)/2; wherein d84%: particle diameter at a point where the cumulative curve becomes 84% (?m), and d16%: particle diameter at a point where the cumulative curve becomes 16% (?m).

##STR00001##

In the above formula, R.sup.2 and R.sup.5 may be the same or different and are each a phenyl group which may have a substituent, naphthyl group which may have a substituent, anthryl group which may have a substituent, or branched or linear alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms which may have an aromatic substituent. R.sup.1, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.6 may be the same or different and are each a hydrogen atom, branched or linear alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, phenyl group which may have a substituent, naphthyl group which may have a substituent, or anthryl group which may have a substituent.