The present invention provides a non-aqueous electrolytic solution which can be handled industrially stably, and which allows for achieving a good durability performance, particularly, a good capacity retention rate during repeated charging and discharging, of an energy device typified by a non-aqueous electrolytic solution secondary battery. The non-aqueous electrolytic solution contains a compound(s) represented by the following general formula(e) (A1) and/or (A2). In formula (A1), X.sup.1 represents a halogen atom; each of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or a hydrocarbon group having 10 or less carbon atoms optionally substituted with a halogen atom; and each of R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 independently represents a halogen atom, or a hydrocarbon group having 10 or less carbon atoms optionally substituted with a halogen atom; wherein at least two of R.sup.1 to R.sup.6 may be bonded to each other to form a ring. In formula (A2), each of X.sup.2 and X.sup.3 independently represents a halogen atom; and each of R.sup.7 to R.sup.14 independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or a hydrocarbon group having 10 or less carbon atoms optionally substituted with a halogen atom; wherein at least two of R.sup.7 to R.sup.14 may be bonded to each other to form a ring.

##STR00001##

The disclosed technology relates to a secondary battery electrolyte and a lithium secondary battery including the same. The secondary battery electrolyte of the disclosed technology includes a cyclophosphate compound as an additive, such that the secondary battery electrolyte has excellent flame retardancy while improving charge and discharge efficiency, lifespan characteristics, high-temperature characteristics, and high-temperature storage stability of a lithium secondary battery including the same.

The present invention relates to novel phosphorous (V) (P(V)) reagents, methods for preparing thereof, and methods for preparing organophosphorous (V) compounds by using the novel reagents.

Presently provided are indoximod prodrug and salt compounds and pharmaceutical compositions comprising salts and prodrugs of indoximod, that produce enhanced plasma concentration and exposure to indoximod compared to direct administration of indoximod, in patients in need of treatment of immunosuppression mediated by the indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase pathway, such as patients with cancer or chronic infectious diseases.

The invention relates to compositions of nicotinamide mononucleotide derivatives and their methods of use. The invention also relates to methods of preparing nicotinamide mononucleotide derivatives. The invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and nutritional supplements containing a nicotinamide mononucleotide derivative. The invention relates to methods of using nicotinamide mononucleotide derivatives that promote the increase of intracellular levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in cells and tissues for treating diseases and improving cell and tissue survival.

The invention relates to compositions of nicotinamide mononucleotide derivatives and their methods of use. The invention also relates to methods of preparing nicotinamide mononucleotide derivatives. The invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and nutritional supplements containing a nicotinamide mononucleotide derivative. The invention relates to methods of using nicotinamide mononucleotide derivatives that promote the increase of intracellular levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in cells and tissues for treating diseases and improving cell and tissue survival.

The present disclosure relates to compounds of Formula (P) or (II′-0): (Formulae (I′), (II′-0)), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof. The present disclosure also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds and therapeutic and diagnostic uses of the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions.

##STR00001##

The present disclosure relates to compounds of Formula (I), (II), or (II′): (I), (II), (II′), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof. The present disclosure also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds and therapeutic and diagnostic uses of the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions.

##STR00001##

The present disclosure relates to prodrugs, double prodrugs, derivatives and analogues of 3-(methylamino)-2-((methylamino)methyl)propane-1-thiol. The compounds of this disclosure also relate to formula I:

##STR00001##

The use of these compounds as radio- and chemo-protectors is also described.

The present disclosure relates to prodrugs, double prodrugs, derivatives and analogues of 3-(methylamino)-2-((methy-lamino)methyl)propane-1-thiol. Their use as radio- and chemo-protectors is also described.