This base proliferating agent is represented by formula (1) or (2), where, in formula (1) and (2), R1, R2, and R3 independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent and n independently represents an integer from 1 to 4. A base-reactive resin composition can include this base proliferating agent and a base-reactive compound. ##STR00001##

The present invention provides a composition comprising a) at least one epoxy resin, b) at least one cyclic amine of the formula (I) in which ##STR00001## R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 is H or an organic radical and
X═—(Y.sup.1).sub.m-(A.sup.1).sub.n-(Y.sup.2).sub.o-(A.sup.2).sub.p-(Y.sup.3).sub.q-(A.sup.3).sub.r-(Y.sup.4).sub.s—,  (II)
where, independently of one another, m, n, o, p, q, r and s=0 or 1, A.sup.1, A.sup.2, A.sup.3=alkylene or alkenylene radical and Y.sup.1, Y.sup.2, Y.sup.3, Y.sup.4=NR.sup.5, PR.sup.5, O or S, where R.sup.5 independently=organic radical, where any two organic radicals selected from R.sup.1 to R.sup.5 and any radicals present in the alkylene and/or alkenylene radicals A.sup.1, A.sup.2, A.sup.3 may also form one or more further rings, with the proviso that at least one of the radicals selected from R.sup.1 to R.sup.5 present and any radicals present in the alkylene and/or alkenylene radicals A.sup.1, A.sup.2, A.sup.3 is substituted by at least one —NHR.sup.6 or —NH.sub.2 group, where R.sup.6=organic radical, and
c) at least one salt of a very strong Brønsted acid with a counterion selected from metal ions, metal-containing ions, phosphonium ions and unsubstituted ammonium ions,
and to processes for production thereof and use thereof.

A corrosion-indicating material and methods of producing and using the corrosion-indicating material are provided. The corrosion-indicating material comprises a cured product of reacting a bisphenol A diglycidyl ether epoxy (DGEBA) resin with a curing agent, the curing agent comprising a 1,10-phenanthroline derivative having formula (I): ##STR00001##
where: R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently selected from —NH.sub.2; —NH(CH.sub.2).sub.aNH.sub.2, where a is 1, 2, or 3; —OC(═O)(CH.sub.2).sub.bNH.sub.2, where b is 1, 2, or 3; and —H; R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are either: non-joined monovalent radicals each independently chosen from —H, —NH.sub.2, and (C.sub.1-C.sub.20)heterohydrocarbyls comprising at least one primary amine or at least one secondary amine; or joined as a single divalent radical, the single divalent radical being a (C.sub.1-C.sub.40)heterohydrocarbyl comprising at least one primary amine or at least one secondary amine; and at least one of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 is not —H.

The present invention relates to a liquid crystal aligning agent composition capable of securing a high imidization rate under relatively mild curing conditions, minimizing side reactions and thus having excellent stability, a method for producing a liquid crystal alignment film using the same, and a liquid crystal alignment film and a liquid crystal display device using the same.

A corrosion-indicating material and methods of producing and using the corrosion-indicating material are provided. The corrosion-indicating material comprises a cured product of reacting a bisphenol A diglycidyl ether epoxy (DGEBA) resin with a curing agent, the curing agent comprising a 1,10-phenanthroline derivative having formula (I):

##STR00001##

where: R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently selected from —NH.sub.2; —NH(CH.sub.2).sub.aNH.sub.2, where a is 1, 2, or 3; —OC(═O)(CH.sub.2).sub.bNH.sub.2, where b is 1, 2, or 3; and —H; R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are either: non-joined monovalent radicals each independently chosen from —H, —NH.sub.2, and (C.sub.1-C.sub.20)heterohydrocarbyls comprising at least one primary amine or at least one secondary amine; or joined as a single divalent radical, the single divalent radical being a (C.sub.1-C.sub.40)heterohydrocarbyl comprising at least one primary amine or at least one secondary amine; and at least one of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 is not —H.

Solvent free epoxy system that includes: a hardener compound H comprising: a molecular structure (Y.sup.1—R.sub.1—Y.sup.2), wherein R.sub.1 is an ionic moiety Y.sup.1 is a nucleophilic group and Y.sup.2 nucleophilic group; and an ionic moiety A acting as a counter ion to R.sub.1; and an epoxy compound E comprising: a molecular structure (Z.sup.1R.sub.2—Z.sup.2), wherein R.sub.1 is an ionic moiety, Z.sup.1 comprises an epoxide group, and Z.sup.2 comprises an epoxide group; and an ionic moiety B acting as a counter ion to R.sub.2. In embodiments, the epoxy compound E and/or the hardener H is comprised in a solvent-less ionic liquid. The systems can further include accelerators, crosslinkers, plasticizers, inhibitors, ionic hydrophobic and/or super-hydrophobic compounds, ionic hydrophilic compounds, ionic transitional hydrophobic/hydrophilic compounds, biological active compounds, and/or plasticizer compounds. Polymers made from the disclosed epoxy systems and their methods of used.

A curing agent or a curing accelerator which is easy to synthesize and may cure an epoxy resin and the like, or may accelerate the curing is provided. A curing agent or a curing accelerator according to some embodiments of the present invention has a highly-coordinated silicon structure.

A shape-memory epoxy polymer graphene foam composite (SMEP-GrF) is formed from an open cell graphene foam (GrF) surrounded by and infiltrated with a shape-memory epoxy polymer (SMEP) matrix, with the GrF being an intra-connected framework within the SMEP matrix. The SMEP-GrF provides self-healing properties to a device fabricated from the SMEP-GrF. The SMEP-GrF is formed by infusion of an epoxy resin and hardener in an open cell GrF and curing the infused GrF.

Solvent free epoxy system that includes: a hardener compound H comprising: a molecular structure (Y.sup.1R.sub.1Y.sup.2), wherein R.sub.1 is an ionic moiety Y.sup.1 is a nucleophilic group and Y.sup.2 nucleophilic group; and an ionic moiety A acting as a counter ion to R.sub.1; and an epoxy compound E comprising: a molecular structure (Z.sup.1R.sub.2Z.sup.2), wherein R.sub.2 is an ionic moiety, Z.sup.1 comprises an epoxide group, and Z.sup.2 comprises an epoxide group; and an ionic moiety B acting as a counter ion to R.sub.2. In embodiments, the epoxy compound E and/or the hardener H is comprised in a solvent-less ionic liquid. The systems can further include accelerators, crosslinkers, plasticizers, inhibitors, ionic hydrophobic and/or super-hydrophobic compounds, ionic hydrophilic compounds, ionic transitional hydrophobic/hydrophilic compounds, biological active compounds, and/or plasticizer compounds. Polymers made from the disclosed epoxy systems and their methods of used.

This base proliferating agent is represented by formula (1) or (2), where, in formulae (1) and (2), R1, R2, and R3 independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent and n independently represents an integer from 1 to 4. A base-reactive resin composition can include this base proliferating agent and a base-reactive compound.

##STR00001##