Disclosed herein are lignin-furfuryl alcohol compositions, lignin-furfuryl alcohol-resole (LFR) compositions comprising lignin-furfuryl alcohol composition and phenolic resoles and LFR foams derived from such LFR compositions. Disclosed herein are LFR foams comprising a polymeric phase defining a plurality of open cells and a plurality of closed cells, and a gas phase comprising one or more blowing agents disposed in at least a portion of the plurality of closed cells, wherein the polymeric phase is derived from LFR compositions.

This invention relates to a process for preparing viscoelastic polyurethane foam in which the isocyanate-reactive component comprises a specific polyol blend, and to viscoelastic polyurethane foam wherein the isocyanate-reactive comprises the specific polyol blend. The polyol blend may be an in situ formed polyol blend.

A styrene resin extruded foam includes a styrene resin, a polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester, and a hydrofluoroolefin. An amount of the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester is 0.05 to 5.0 parts by weight relative to 100 parts by weight of the styrene resin.

A styrene resin extruded foam includes 100 parts by weight of a styrene resin and 0.05 to 5.0 parts by weight of polyethylene glycol.

Provided are a phenolic resin foam that has low environmental impact, can maintain excellent thermal insulation performance over the long-term, and reduces condensation inside walls associated with increased water vapor permeation, and also a method of producing the same. The phenolic resin foam contains a phenolic resin and at least one selected from the group consisting of a chlorinated hydrofluoroolefin, a non-chlorinated hydrofluoroolefin, and a halogenated hydrocarbon. The phenolic resin foam has a density of at least 20 kg/m.sup.3 and no greater than 100 kg/m.sup.3, an average cell diameter of at least 10 um and no greater than 300 ?m, a closed cell ratio of at least 80% and no greater than 99%, and a water vapor permeance of at least 0.38 ng/(m.Math.s.Math.Pa) and no greater than 2.00 ng/(m.Math.s.Math.Pa).

The present invention provides a polyurethane which has excellent flame retardance and various excellent performances. A phosphoramidate compound having a specific structure is used as a flame retardant for a polyurethane foam or a polyurethane elastomer. By mixing this flame retardant with a raw material of a polyurethane resin (polyol, polyisocyanate and various additives), a polyurethane reactive raw material composition is obtained. By reacting the polyisocyanate and active hydrogen-containing compounds such as polyol in the polyurethane reactive raw material composition, a curing reaction takes place and a polyurethane foam composition or polyurethane elastomer composition is obtained. The obtained polyurethane resin composition has excellent flame retardance and other excellent performances as the polyurethane foam or polyurethane elastomer.

A phenolic resin foam laminated sheet comprising a phenolic resin foam; and a face material for covering a surface of the phenolic resin foam, wherein the phenolic resin foam contains a hydrocarbon, a chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon or a combination thereof, a density of the phenolic resin foam is 10 kg/m.sup.3 or higher and 100 kg/m.sup.3 or lower, an average cell diameter of the phenolic resin foam is 5 m or larger and 200 m or smaller, a closed cell content of the phenolic resin foam is 85% or higher and 99% or lower, and an absolute value of a dimensional charge rate of the phenolic resin foam after 70 C. for 48 hours is 0.49% or lower.

A phenol resin foamed plate contains hydrocarbon and/or chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon, in which an average cell diameter is in a range of 5 m or more and 200 m or less, a void area ratio is 5% or less in its cross section, a density is 15 kg/m.sup.3 or more and 26 kg/m.sup.3 or less, and when compression is made by a 10% displacement in a direction perpendicular to the thickness direction, a recovery rate 1 minute after release of this compression is 96.0% or more and 98.5% or less and a degree of change in recovery rates C is 0.030%/hr or more and 0.060%/hr or less.

The invention relates to a method for manufacturing a foam body, such as a foam insulation board, comprising the steps of: (i) providing foam reactant materials which react to form a foam body; (ii) providing a blowing agent; (iii) expanding, during reaction of the foam reactant materials, the foam reactant materials, using the blowing agent so as to form a foam body having cells defined therein and within which cells blowing agent is trapped; and (iv) collecting blowing agent not trapped within the foam body. Also disclosed herein is an apparatus for manufacturing a foam body. The collected blowing agent can be recycled/reused.

This disclosure provides polymer and film derivatives of specialized clean lignin with improved properties. This disclosure also provides methods of making polymer and film derivatives of specialized clean lignin with improved properties.