A method making fuel oil from refining residuals. Refining residuals are mixed with a diluent and an additive. Preferred diluents include diesel and reformed naphtha and combinations thereof. The additive is believed to be a cross-linked cyclic anhydride copolymer having an intrinsic viscosity (limiting viscosity, ) of between about 0.10 and 3.0 deciliters per gram and an average molecular weight between about 3,000 and 3,000,000. The additive includes excess aromatic hydrocarbons and a surfactant. In the preferred embodiment, the diluent and the residuals are mixed together in a ratio of about 3:1, by weight. The additive is introduced to this mixture in the amount of about 0.10 to 0.25 percent by weight. The components are thoroughly combined to yield a fuel oil having a viscosity that is about 25 to as much as about 70 percent lower than the viscosity of the same residual/diluent mixture lacking the additive.

Methods for preparing an octane-boosting fuel additive having the following formula: are provided. In a first aspect, the method may comprise carrying out the following reaction: (i), (ii) In a second aspect, the method may comprise: (1) preparing the fuel additive; and (2) purifying the product of step (1) by: (a) dissolving the fuel additive in a water-insoluble solvent to form a solution; (b) washing the solution with water; and (c) separating the fuel additive product from the water-insoluble solvent using distillation. Steps (i) and (1) of the methods are carried out in the presence of butylated hydroxytoluene.

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Gasoline fuel composition suitable for use in an internal combustion engine comprising: (a) Fischer-Tropsch derived naphtha at a level from 2 to 20% v/v; (b) at least one aromatic octane booster present at a level of 0.75 to 8% v/v or less; and (c) a gasoline base fuel; wherein the gasoline fuel composition comprises 40% v/v or less of aromatics. In a preferred embodiment, the Research Octane Number (RON) of the gasoline fuel composition is increased while maintaining the aromatic content of the gasoline fuel composition at a level of 40% v/v or less, based on the gasoline fuel composition.

A fuel additive composition has a base fuel; colloidal nanocarbon particles, and a dispersion stabilizer that aids in stably suspending the colloidal nanocarbon particles in the base fuel. This abstract is not to be considered limiting, since other embodiments may deviate from the features described in this abstract.

The present invention relates to a hydrogen sulphide scavenging additive composition for scavenging hydrogen sulphide including sulfur containing compounds and mercaptans, particularly for scavenging hydrogen sulfide in hydrocarbons, wherein the additive composition comprises substantially reduced amount of nitrogen based hydrogen sulfide scavengers, and is also required in substantially reduced amount, and wherein the additive composition scavenges the sulfur containing compounds not only at room temperature, but also at higher temperatures, and comprises at least a combination of: (A) at least one nitrogen based hydrogen sulfide scavenger; and (B) at least one aliphatic tertiary amine, wherein the nitrogen based hydrogen sulfide scavenger comprises triazine based hydrogen sulfide scavenger. In one embodiment, it also relates to a method for scavenging hydrogen sulfide in hydrocarbons, and in another embodiment it relates to a method of using an additive composition of the present invention for scavenging hydrogen sulfide in hydrocarbons. In yet another embodiment, it relates to a composition comprising (i) a hydrocarbon and (ii) a hydrogen sulfide scavenging additive composition for scavenging hydrogen sulfide in hydrocarbons.

A fuel additive for fuel formulations comprising calcium sulfonates in an amount effective to limit or eliminate valve seat recession in engines utilizing such fuel formulations. The fuel additive may also include a detergent, particularly in an amount to enhance the VSR limiting effect of the calcium sulfonates. Also included are fuel formulations containing calcium sulfonates in a concentration effective to limit vale seat recession in engines utilizing the fuel formulations. Methods for treating VSR in piston engines are also provided.

Provided herein are processes and microorganisms which utilize both protein hydrolysates and carbohydrates from biomass feedstocks to produce renewable hydrocarbon compositions. Advantages of the disclosed methods may be recognized in fuel blends comprising such hydrocarbon compositions.

A diesel fuel substitute composition includes an alcohol, an acetal, and an additive comprising a component selected from the group consisting of C.sub.3-8 dialkyl ethers, alkylated phenols, RNO.sub.2, and combinations thereof. A method for forming the diesel fuel substitute is also provided.

Disclosed herein is a fuel composition having (1) greater than 50 wt % of a hydrocarbon fuel boiling in the gasoline or diesel range and (2) a minor amount of a low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI)-reducing additive having one or more of an amidine, or a beta-amino alkanol having the structure

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R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 are each independently selected from hydrogen, aromatic ring, and a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group and R.sub.5 is hydrogen or an alcohol having the structure (CH)R.sub.6OH. R.sub.6 is hydrogen, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkenyl group, or a salt thereof.

Fuel and lubricant compositions are provided that contain a primary low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI)-reducing additive comprising (i) an amino additive, (ii) an amine additive, (iii) a triazole additive, (iv) a benzamidinium additive, (v) a benzoxazole additive, or (vi) a NCX motif additive. Methods for preventing or reducing low speed pre-ignition events in spark-ignited engines using these compositions are also provided.