The present invention aims a new diesel composition comprising a diesel fuel and from 0.01 to 0.8% by volume of a glycerol acetal or ketal. The new diesel composition shows a higher cetane number and better lubricity performances compared to known diesel compositions.

The present invention aims a new gasoline composition comprising a gasoline fuel and from 0.05 to 1% of a specific low quantity of a glycerol ketal or acetal. The new gasoline composition shows a higher octane number compared to known gasoline compositions. The invention also aims at the use of said glycerol ketal or acetal as a metal free octane booster additive for octane adjustment of gasoline compositions.

The present invention discloses polyethyleneamine salts of sulphonyl oleic acid and a 5 hydrocarbon fuel additive composition comprising the same. The said polyethyleneamine salts of sulphonyl oleic acid is made by mixing a sulphonyl oleic acid with at least one polyethyleneamine. Wherein, the sulphonyl oleic acid is selected from at least one of (9Z)-8-sulfo-octadec-9-enoic acid or (9Z)-11-sulfo-octadec-9-enoic acid. The at least one polyethyleneamine is selected from triethylenetetramine (TETA), or diethylenetriamine 0 (DETA), pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, tetraethylenepentamine, 1,4,7-triazacyclononane, 1,1,1-Tris(aminomethyl)ethane, or cyclen. The hydrocarbon fuel additive composition is made of polyethyleneamine salts of sulphonyl oleic acid and a cosolvent system consisting of sulphonyl oleic acid and dioxane. Wherein, the said hydrocarbon fuel additive composition acts as a dual functional additive and synergistically improves the conductivity as well as 5 lubricity of a hydrotreated diesel fuel.

A fuel additive composition comprising an anthocyanidin; an amino acid; and a catalyst. The anthocyanidin may comprise delphinidin chloride. The amino acid may comprise aspartic acid, leucine acid, glutamic acid, a non-natural amino acid, or a combination thereof. Embodiments of the present invention also relate to a method for making of fuel additive, the method comprising: providing an anthocyanidin; contacting the anthocyanidin with an amino acid to form an anthocyanidin-amino acid mixture; contacting the anthocyanidin-amino acid mixture with a catalyst. The method may further comprise contacting the anthocyanidin-amino acid mixture with ethanol and/or an acid. The method may further comprise adjusting the pH of the anthocyanidin-amino acid mixture to less than 7.

The present disclosure provides methods for identifying a hydrocarbon fuel, such as the presence and/or amounts of marker compounds having a fluorescence intensity and, through correlation, the presence and/or amounts of additive package(s) within the hydrocarbon fuel. The methods include obtaining a sample of a hydrocarbon fuel including a marker compound having fluorescence, combining the hydrocarbon fuel with water, and subjecting a water phase thereof to light for observing fluorescence.

The invention provides new methods for the direct umpolung self-condensation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) by organocatalysis, thereby upgrading the readily available substrate into 5,5-di(hydroxymethyl) furoin (DHMF). While many efficient catalyst systems have been developed for conversion of plant biomass resources into HMF, the invention now provides methods to convert such nonfood biomass directly into DHMF by a simple process as described herein. The invention also provides highly effective new methods for upgrading other biomass furaldehydes and related compound to liquid fuels. The methods include the organocatalytic self-condensation (umpolung) of biomass furaldehydes into (C.sub.8-C.sub.12)furoin intermediates, followed by hydrogenation, etherification or esterification into oxygenated biodiesel, or hydrodeoxygenation by metal-acid tandem catalysis into premium hydrocarbon fuels.

The present invention relates to a new biofuel formulation comprising: crude glycerol, glycerol formal, optionally at least one fatty acid glycerol formal ester and optionally at least one fatty acid methyl ester. The present invention also relates to a process for its preparation and its use for burning purposes.

A synergistic antimicrobial composition having two components. The first component is a hydroxymethyl-substituted phosphorus compound. The second component is one of the following biocides: hexahydro-1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine, 2,6-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl acetate or ortho-phenylphenol or its alkali metal or ammonium salts.

Provided herein are compositions comprising solutions or colloids of allotropes of carbon, in particular fullerenes, graphenes or single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs or polymers of fullerenes) in solvents selected from terpenes, lactones or fatty acid or terpene alcohols. The carbon allotropes remain in solution following ultrasonication and ultracentrifugation processing. Suitably the solvents are selected from monoterpene cyclic ethers, cyclic terpenes, cyclic triterpenoid species, cyclic triterpenoid steroidal species, or terpene alcohols. The compositions are made by combining the solvents with the allotrope of carbon with cavitation. Methods of using these compositions are also provided.

The invention provides new methods for the direct umpolung self-condensation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) by organocatalysis, thereby upgrading the readily available substrate into 5,5-di(hydroxymethyl) furoin (DHMF). While many efficient catalyst systems have been developed for conversion of plant biomass resources into HMF, the invention now provides methods to convert such nonfood biomass directly into DHMF by a simple process as described herein. The invention also provides highly effective new methods for upgrading other biomass furaldehydes and related compound to liquid fuels. The methods include the organocatalytic self-condensation (umpolung) of biomass furaldehydes into (C.sub.8-C.sub.12)furoin intermediates, followed by hydrogenation, etherification or esterification into oxygenated biodiesel, or hydrodeoxygenation by metal-acid tandem catalysis into premium hydrocarbon fuels.