The invention relates to a process for forming a cobalt-iron alloy film. In particular, the process is performed under ultrasonic vibrations to form the cobalt-iron alloy film. The cobalt-iron alloy film consists of about 75-95 wt. % of cobalt, 4.5-20 wt. % of iron and 0.5-5 wt. % of phosphorus and also has peaks at about 43.2, 45.1, 50.4, 65.5, 74.1 and 83.2 2-theta degree (2) in the X-ray diffraction pattern.

Described herein are systems and methods for performing a surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) to the surface of a variety of materials including thin films, nanomaterials, and other delicate and brittle materials. In an aspect, a surface of a material is modified to a modified surface and from an original state to a modified state, wherein the modified state comprises a physical modification, a chemical modification, or a biological modification. In another aspect, a surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) is applied to the modified surface of the material for a defined duration of time, wherein a condition associated with the SMAT is adjusted based on a structural composition of the material. In yet another aspect, a defined strain is imposed on the structural composition of the material based on the SMAT.

Articles prepared by additive manufacturing of preforms that are coated by electrodeposition of nanolaminate materials, and methods of their production are described.

Proposed is a method for forming an electroless plating electrode through selective cross-linking layer formation using a laser, specifically, the method includes forming a selective cross-linking layer by sintering a water-soluble polymer thin film layer, which is formed on a substrate by coating, to form a patterned shape thereon using a laser, followed by forming a precise metal pattern by electroless-plating the selective cross-linking layer with copper, nickel, or other metals. The method offers a simple manufacturing process, cost efficiency, and flexibility in manufacturing without being limited by the shape of a substrate, thereby patterns may be formed on various substrates. A catalyst material for electroless plating is mixed with a polymer material to directly cross-link the substrate. Thus, durability is improved but also an electrode may be formed with a substrate by electroless plating simply and in a short time due to use of only a single material.