An oxygen generation electrode includes, a conductive layer including a salt of stannic acid, the salt of stannic acid having a perovskite structure, a light absorption layer disposed on the conductive layer, and a catalyst layer disposed on the light absorption layer, the catalyst layer including an oxide having a perovskite structure and being responsible for an oxygen evolution reaction, the conductive layer being doped to degeneracy with impurities, the light absorption layer forming a Type-II heterojunction with the conductive layer, the catalyst layer being doped to degeneracy with impurities, the upper end of the valence band of the catalyst layer being higher than the upper end of the valence band of the light absorption layer.

A catalyst for an oxygen evolution reaction has a higher and longer-life catalytic activity than that of the conventional and expensive noble metal oxide catalysts, such as RuO.sub.2 and IrO.sub.2. An A-site ordered perovskite oxide catalyst (such as CaCu.sub.3Fe.sub.4O.sub.12 and CaMn.sub.3Mn.sub.4O.sub.12 etc.) as an oxygen evolution reaction catalyst is excellent in cost effectiveness. The catalyst has a high catalytic activity compared with a noble metal oxide catalyst, and a long repetition use life since it is extremely stable also under the oxidative reaction conditions. Use of the catalyst is expected to the important energy conversion reactions such as a charge reaction of a metal-air battery, an anode oxygen evolution reaction in the case of a direct water decomposition reaction by sunlight, etc.

A method for upgrading bio-mass material is provided. The method involves electrolytic reduction of the material in an electrochemical cell having a ceramic, oxygen-ion conducting membrane, where the membrane includes an electrolyte. One or more oxygenated or partially-oxygenated compounds are reduced by applying an electrical potential to the electrochemical cell. A system for upgrading bio-mass material is also disclosed.

The present invention relates to a coelectrolysis module which can produce synthesis gas from water and carbon dioxide and, more particularly, to a pressure coelectrolysis module having a tube-type cell mounted thereon. The pressure coelectrolysis module according to the present invention comprises a coelectrolysis cell which uses fuel gas consisting of hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide; a pressure chamber for pressurizing the coelectrolysis cell; a vaporizer for providing steam to the coelectrolysis cell; and a mass flow controller for providing fuel gas to the coelectrolysis cell, wherein the pressure coelectrolysis module has excellent performance and durability and can improve the production yield of synthesis gas.

A method for making a catalyst comprises providing an initial compound having a perovskite lattice structure according to formula I

M.sup.1M.sup.2M.sup.3O.sub.3 FORMULA I,

where M.sup.1 is about 1 relative elemental ratio strontium (Sr); M.sup.2 is from greater than 0 to 0.7 relative elemental ratio and is selected from cobalt (Co), scandium (Sc), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), and titanium (Ti); and M.sup.3 is 0.3 to 0.6 relative elemental ratio iridium (Ir). Initial exemplary compounds include SrSc.sub.0.5Ir.sub.0.5O.sub.3 (SSI) and SrCo.sub.0.5Ir.sub.0.5O.sub.3 (SCI). M.sup.1 and/or M.sup.2 cations are selectively leached from the initial compound to produce a catalyst having substantially increased catalytic performance. Cycling SSI or SCI in an acid produces SSI-H or SCI-H; cycling SSI or SCI in a base produces SSI-OH or SCI-OH. Dual-site metal leaching induced catalytic activity improvement by about 2 orders of magnitude, making reconstructed SrCo.sub.0.5Ir.sub.0.5O.sub.3 among the best-known catalysts for water oxidation in an acidic condition.

An electrode includes a transparent substrate, and a layer of a nanostructured material at least partially covering a surface of the transparent substrate. The nanostructured material includes defective perovskite nanostructures (DPNSs) in the form of nanoplates having an average particle size in a range of 10 to 100 nanometers (nm), an interplanar spacing d(101) of the (101) plane in a range of 0.3 to 0.4 nm, and an interplanar spacing d(104) of the (104) plane in a range of 0.2 to 0.3 nm. A method of making the electrode.

An electrochemical cell includes a hydrogen electrode layer, an oxygen electrode layer, and an electrolyte layer disposed between the hydrogen electrode layer and the oxygen electrode layer. The hydrogen electrode layer is constituted by a perovskite type oxide, gadolinium-doped ceria and nickel. The perovskite type oxide includes gadolinium, chromium, and manganese.

A method and a composition to stabilize the surface cation chemistry of the perovskite or related oxides, and thus, to minimize or completely avoid the detrimental segregation and phase separation of dopant cations at the surface can include modifying the surface with more oxidizable metal cations and/or more oxidizable metal oxides, thereby reducing the oxygen vacancy concentration at the very surface.

The present application relates to the field of a reversible protonic ceramic electrochemical cell, specifically, to a double perovskite material and preparation method thereof, and a reversible protonic ceramic electrochemical cell. The expression for the double perovskite material is PrBa.sub.0.9Cs.sub.0.1Co.sub.2O.sub.6-, wherein is oxygen vacancy content. The present application also provides a preparation method for the double perovskite material and a reversible protonic ceramic electrochemical cell comprising the double perovskite material. The Cs.sup.+ doped double perovskite material provided by the present application has good stability, lower polarization impedance, and higher ORR/OER activity. The reversible protonic ceramic electrochemical cell provided by the present application has good stability, electrocatalytic activity, and electrochemical performance.

An electrode for an electrochemical cell is disclosed which has a first layer containing a first electrode material of formula Pr.sub.(1-x)Ln.sub.xO.sub.(2-0.5x-). Ln is selected from at least one rare earth metal, 8 is the degree of oxygen deficiency, and 0.01x0.4. The rare earth metal may be a lanthanide, scandium or yttrium. Also disclosed is an electrochemical cell having such an electrode and methods of making such an electrochemical cell. The electrochemical cell may be an electrolytic cell, an oxygen separator, a sensor or a fuel cell. Also disclosed are materials of formula Pr.sub.(1-x)Ln.sub.xO.sub.(2-0.5x-) and Pr.sub.(1-x)Sm.sub.xO.sub.(2-0.5x-).