A membraneless electrochemical device comprises a fluid feed stream input to the membraneless electrochemical cell, a first electrode, and a second electrode. The first electrode comprises a first redox-active material configured to have a proton-coupled oxidation reaction with a first portion of the fluid feed stream, and the second electrode comprises a second redox-active material configured to have a proton-coupled reduction reaction with a second portion of the fluid feed stream. The first portion and the second portion of the fluid feed stream are separated. A first effluent stream comprises the first portion and has a first pH, and a second effluent stream comprises the second portion and has a second pH, different from the first pH.

Disclosed is a 3-dimensional porous mono-polar electrode body that includes a 3-dimensional porous parent substance, which has a 3-dimensional structure including a side and a remaining side that communicate with each other via a plurality of pores arranged in multiple layers and which is made of a metal material to have dimensional stability, and an electrode catalyst layer applied on the 3-dimensional porous parent substance. The 3-dimensional porous mono-polar electrode body is used to remove microorganisms contained in treatment water to thus minimize the consumption of power, which is required to remove the microorganisms, prevent secondary pollution, and ensure the durability of an electrode.

A method for electrochemical treatment of water is provided. The method includes providing a flow-through reactor including a cathode and an anode, wherein the anode includes about 80 weight percent or greater of a sub-stoichiometric titanium oxide. The method further includes applying power to the cathode and the anode, passing a solution including water and a metal chloride through the flow-through reactor, and withdrawing the purified water.

The invention relates to a device, including: a channel including an inlet at a first end of the channel and an outlet at a second end of the channel; a cathode arranged in the channel, which cathode includes a first segment selected from titanium, stainless steel and titanium provided with a mixed metal oxide coating layer including ruthenium oxide and/or iridium oxide and a second segment including carbon, such as a carbon (felt) segment, arranged downstream of the first segment, an anode, arranged in the channel, selected from titanium or, stainless steel and titanium provided with a mixed metal oxide coating layer including ruthenium oxide and/or iridium oxide, which coating layer faces the cathode; and a power source electrically connected to the cathode and the anode. The invention further relates to a method for the production of chlorine dioxide.

A system for treatment of brines includes one or more membrane-less electrolyzers. An influent flow chamber flows an influent stream to a porous anode and cathode. electrochemical reactions at the anode and cathode result in acidic and alkaline effluent streams respectively, including liquid and gaseous streams. The alkaline effluent can be combined with a brine feed stream, resulting in precipitation of alkali earth metals cations by reaction with hydroxyls to form alkali earth metal hydroxides (M(OH).sub.2, M=Mg.sup.2+, Ca.sup.2+). These M(OH).sub.2 are of interest as a carbon-free feedstock material for cement manufacturing. Additionally, carbon dioxide, such as from flue gas, can be combined with the alkaline effluent to form alkali earth metal carbonates or be concentrated and released upon neutralization of carbon dioxide saturated alkaline effluent with the acidic effluent. Chlorine gas evolved at the anode can also be utilized with hydrogen gas evolved at the cathode as feed streams for a fuel cell for the generation of electricity.

A disc type electrocatalytic water treatment device, characterized in that: comprising: a housing having a water inlet and a water outlet, a plurality of cathode plates and anode plates sequentially and alternately stacked inside the housing, a central shaft passes through central holes of the cathode plates and anode plates and compress the cathode plates to form a disc-shaped structure while the cathode plate and the anode plate are separated at the central holes. A wastewater to be treated is guided to enter from the water inlet, flow inwardly and outwardly to sequentially pass through the cathode plate and the anode plate such that a passage route is formed, and finally flows out from the water outlet.

Disclosed are flow-through electrode devices and techniques for making flow-through electrodes. In one aspect, a flow through electrode apparatus comprises one or more fiber layers. Each fiber layer comprises a plurality of fibers oriented to be orthogonal to a flow direction of a fluid. The plurality of fibers are configured to cause an inertial flow of the fluid around the plurality of fibers at a first flow rate of the fluid.

A method of forming an electrode for capacitive deionization includes depositing an slurry onto a substrate, wherein the slurry comprises a porous material, a first crosslinkable hydrophilic polymer, and a crosslinker for the first crosslinkable hydrophilic polymer; annealing the slurry deposited on the substrate to create a crosslinked porous layer on the substrate; depositing an solution comprising an ion-exchange material, a second crosslinkable hydrophilic polymer, and a crosslinker for the second crosslinkable hydrophilic polymer onto the crosslinked porous layer; and optionally annealing and/or drying the solution on the crosslinked porous layer.

The present disclosure includes arrangements, systems, and methods for removing mineral deposits. Disclosed is an aqueous solution within a container, with the container containing mineral deposits. The aqueous solution submerges the mineral deposits and may include at least one acid, or a combination of an organic acid and an inorganic acid in percentages that allow the replacement of toxic dangerous chemical ingredients. Disclosed also is a cathode and an anode within the container that are at least partially submerged within the aqueous solution. A direct current power source is configured to direct a voltage across the cathode and the anode to generate an electrical charge gradient within the aqueous solution.

Aspects of the invention include a porous and water-permeable electrode for electrocatalysis comprising: a porous and water-permeable reactive electrochemical membrane (“REM”) comprising: a porous and water-permeable support membrane; wherein the support membrane comprises a titanium metal; and an electrocatalytic coating on at least a portion of the metal support membrane, the electrocatalytic coating being a tin oxide bilayer comprising: a first layer adjacent to and directly contacting the metal support membrane; wherein the first layer comprises tin oxide doped with antimony; and a second layer adjacent to and directly contacting the first layer; wherein the second layer forms a surface of the REM such that the second layer is in direct contact with an aqueous solution when the REM is in contact with the aqueous solution; wherein the second layer comprises tin oxide doped with antimony and nickel or cerium. Preferably, the support membrane is formed of a titanium metal.