Provided are compounds of Formula (II): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R1, n, and Y1 are as defined herein. Also provided is a pharmaceutically acceptable composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Also provided are methods of using a compound of Formula (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

##STR00001##

Compounds, tautomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds are disclosed, wherein the compounds have the structure of Formula Ia,

##STR00001##

as defined in the specification. In an embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition can be in a liquid dosage form and can comprise a therapeutically effective amount of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an adjuvant and a therapeutic agent. In another embodiment, a method of adjuvant treating a disorder or condition can comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition to a patient.

Compounds, tautomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds are disclosed, wherein the compounds have the structure of Formula Ia,

##STR00001##

as defined in the specification. In an embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition can be in a liquid dosage form and can comprise a therapeutically effective amount of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an adjuvant and a therapeutic agent. In another embodiment, a method of adjuvant treating a disorder or condition can comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition to a patient.

The invention relates to compounds of Formula I″ ##STR00001##
wherein R, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, p, q and q′ are as defined herein, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, methods of treating coronavirus infection such as COVID-19 in a patient by administering therapeutically effective amounts of the compounds, and methods of inhibiting or preventing replication of coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2 with the compounds.

The invention relates to compounds of Formula I″ ##STR00001##
wherein R, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, p, q and q′ are as defined herein, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, methods of treating coronavirus infection such as COVID-19 in a patient by administering therapeutically effective amounts of the compounds, and methods of inhibiting or preventing replication of coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2 with the compounds.

The invention provides non-naturally occurring microbial organisms comprising a 1,4-butanediol (BDO) pathway comprising at least one exogenous nucleic acid encoding a BDO pathway enzyme expressed in a sufficient amount to produce BDO and further optimized for expression of BDO. The invention additionally provides methods of using such microbial organisms to produce BDO.

The invention provides non-naturally occurring microbial organisms comprising a 1,4-butanediol (BDO) pathway comprising at least one exogenous nucleic acid encoding a BDO pathway enzyme expressed in a sufficient amount to produce BDO and further optimized for expression of BDO. The invention additionally provides methods of using such microbial organisms to produce BDO.

The invention provides heterocyclic compounds with quaternary centers and methods of preparing compounds. Methods include the method for the preparation of a compound of Formula (II): ##STR00001##
comprising treating a compound of Formula (I): ##STR00002##
with a transition metal catalyst and under alkylation conditions as valence and stability permit.

The invention provides heterocyclic compounds with quaternary centers and methods of preparing compounds. Methods include the method for the preparation of a compound of Formula (II): ##STR00001##
comprising treating a compound of Formula (I): ##STR00002##
with a transition metal catalyst and under alkylation conditions as valence and stability permit.

The invention relates to compounds of Formula I″

##STR00001##

wherein R, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, p, q and q′ are as defined herein, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, methods of treating coronavirus infection such as COVID-19 in a patient by administering therapeutically effective amounts of the compounds, and methods of inhibiting or preventing replication of coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2 with the compounds.