The disclosure features novel lipids and compositions involving the same. Nanoparticle compositions include a novel lipid as well as additional lipids such as phospholipids, structural lipids, and PEG lipids. Nanoparticle compositions further including therapeutic and/or prophylactics such as RNA are useful in the delivery of therapeutic and/or prophylactics to mammalian cells or organs to, for example, regulate polypeptide, protein, or gene expression.

Provided is a method for separating the four optical isomers of Nahlsgen. The method according to the present invention for producing a mixture of a D-2-amino-4-[(Rp)-(3-carboxymethylphenoxy)(methoxy)phosphoryl]butanoic acid hydrate and an L-2-amino-4-[(Sp)-(3-carboxymethylphenoxy)(methoxy)phosphoryl]butanoic acid hydrate includes subjecting a mixture of the four optical isomers, represented by Formula (1), to fractional crystallization from water or from a solvent mixture of water and a water-soluble organic solvent, to precipitate a mixture of a compound represented by Formula (1-1-1) and a compound represented by Formula (1-4-1), where Formulae (1), (1-1-1), and (1-4-1) are expressed as follows:

##STR00001##

The invention relates to quaternary ammonium multi-dentate mono-, bis-, tris- and tetrakis-phosphonate compounds, processes for preparing quaternary ammonium multi-dentate mono-, bis-, tris- and tetrakis-phosphonate compounds, antimicrobial coating compositions comprising quaternary ammonium multi-dentate mono-, bis-, tris- and tetrakis-phosphonate compounds and method of treating a surface with said compositions to provide a durable, antimicrobial-treated surface.

The invention relates to quaternary ammonium multi-dentate mono-, bis-, tris- and tetrakis-phosphonate compounds, processes for preparing quaternary ammonium multi-dentate mono-, bis-, tris- and tetrakis-phosphonate compounds, antimicrobial coating compositions comprising quaternary ammonium multi-dentate mono-, bis-, tris- and tetrakis-phosphonate compounds and method of treating a surface with said compositions to provide a durable, antimicrobial-treated surface.

The invention relates to a cross-linking monomer with at least one sulfur atom, representable by a structure of formula (I)

##STR00001## wherein the symbols have the following meaning: L.sup.1 is a linear, branched or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or heteroaliphatic group with 2 to 10 carbon atoms; an aromatic or heteroaromatic group with 4 to 12 carbon atoms or a group with 6 to 14 carbon atoms, which comprises at least one saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic and/or heteroaliphatic residue and at least one aromatic and/or heteroaromatic residue, wherein the phosphorus atom is directly bonded with a carbon atom; V.sup.1 is a saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or heteroaliphatic group with 2 to 50 carbon atoms; an aromatic or heteroaromatic group with 5 to 50 carbon atoms or a group with 6 to 50 carbon atoms, which comprises at least one saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic and/or heteroaliphatic residue and at least one aromatic and/or heteroaromatic residue; X.sup.1 is the same or different, O or NR.sup.3, each time it occurs; R.sup.1 is H or a hydrolyzable group; R.sup.2 is H or an alkyl residue with 1 to 4 carbon atoms; R.sup.3 is H or an aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aromatic or heteroaromatic group with 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and n is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, wherein the sulfur atom in the structure according to formula (I) is separated from group X.sup.1 by a maximum of 12 bonds, which group is spaced from the sulfur atom by the lowest number of bonds, wherein double bonds or triple bonds are counted as a single bond.

The invention relates to quaternary ammonium multi-dentate mono-, bis-, tris- and tetrakis-phosphonate compounds, processes for preparing quaternary ammonium multi-dentate mono-, bis-, tris- and tetrakis-phosphonate compounds, antimicrobial coating compositions comprising quaternary ammonium multi-dentate mono-, bis-, tris- and tetrakis-phosphonate compounds and method of treating a surface with said compositions to provide a durable, antimicrobial-treated surface.

Dendrimers with monophosphonic or bisphosphonic terminations for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

The present invention relates to use of an amino-containing neutral phosphine extractant of Formula I in extraction and separation of thorium, and a process of extracting and separating thorium using the amino-containing neutral phosphine extractant of Formula I, ##STR00001##
wherein, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-16 alkyl and hydrogen, and n is an integer of 1 to 8.

The present disclosure provides method of treating or preventing a microbial infection caused by a prokaryotic pathogen in a subject, the method comprising administering a compound of Formula (I) as set forth in the specification. In one embodiment, the prokaryotic pathogen belongs to the genus Staphylococcus.

Provided are inhibitors of pathogenic, bacterial metabolite production and conjugates of the inhibitors. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions containing the inhibitors or conjugates and methods of using the same.