Various methods of reshaping and recycling thermoset polymers and composites containing thermoset polymers are provided. The methods involve the bond exchange reaction of exchangeable covalent bonds in the polymer matrix with a suitable small molecule solvent in the presence of a catalyst. In some aspects, the methods are applied to a carbon fiber reinforced polymer or a thermoset polymer where the thermoset polymer matrix includes a plurality of ester bonds. Using a small molecule alcohol, the methods provide for recycling one or both of the carbon fiber and the polymer, for welding two surfaces, or for repairing a damaged surface in the materials.

Various methods of reshaping and recycling thermoset polymers and composites containing thermoset polymers are provided. The methods involve the bond exchange reaction of exchangeable covalent bonds in the polymer matrix with a suitable small molecule solvent in the presence of a catalyst. In some aspects, the methods are applied to a carbon fiber reinforced polymer or a thermoset polymer where the thermoset polymer matrix includes a plurality of ester bonds. Using a small molecule alcohol, the methods provide for recycling one or both of the carbon fiber and the polymer, for welding two surfaces, or for repairing a damaged surface in the materials.

A magnetic toner includes toner particles. The toner particles each include a toner mother particle. The toner mother particle includes a polyester resin domain, a vinyl resin domain, and a magnetic powder. A vinyl resin constituting the vinyl resin domain includes a repeating unit having a non-ring-opened oxazoline group. An area rate of an area in which the vinyl resin domain is exposed in a surface area of the toner mother particle is at least 0.02% and no greater than 1.00%.

A magnetic toner includes toner particles. The toner particles each include a toner mother particle. The toner mother particle includes a polyester resin domain, a vinyl resin domain, and a magnetic powder. A vinyl resin constituting the vinyl resin domain includes a repeating unit having a non-ring-opened oxazoline group. An area rate of an area in which the vinyl resin domain is exposed in a surface area of the toner mother particle is at least 0.02% and no greater than 1.00%.

A toner comprising a toner particle comprising a resin A and a resin B; wherein: the resin A is a vinyl resin having a sulfonic acid-type group, the resin B is a polyester resin; and when in analysis of the toner particle using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, DA (nm) is defined as a depth at which an abundance of the resin A in a depth of 10 nm from a toner particle surface is a maximum, CA.sub.S (%) is defined as an abundance of the resin A at the depth DA, CB.sub.S (%) is defined as an abundance of the resin B at the depth DA, CA.sub.75 (%) is defined as an abundance of the resin A at a depth of 75 nm and CB.sub.75 (%) is defined as an abundance of the resin B at a depth of 75 nm, CA.sub.S, CA.sub.75, CB.sub.S and CB.sub.75 satisfy specific relationships.

Various methods of reshaping and recycling thermoset polymers and composites containing thermoset polymers are provided. The methods involve the bond exchange reaction of exchangeable covalent bonds in the polymer matrix with a suitable small molecule solvent in the presence of a catalyst. In some aspects, the methods are applied to a carbon fiber reinforced polymer or a thermoset polymer where the thermoset polymer matrix includes a plurality of ester bonds. Using a small molecule alcohol, the methods provide for recycling one or both of the carbon fiber and the polymer, for welding two surfaces, or for repairing a damaged surface in the materials.

Various methods of reshaping and recycling thermoset polymers and composites containing thermoset polymers are provided. The methods involve the bond exchange reaction of exchangeable covalent bonds in the polymer matrix with a suitable small molecule solvent in the presence of a catalyst. In some aspects, the methods are applied to a carbon fiber reinforced polymer or a thermoset polymer where the thermoset polymer matrix includes a plurality of ester bonds. Using a small molecule alcohol, the methods provide for recycling one or both of the carbon fiber and the polymer, for welding two surfaces, or for repairing a damaged surface in the materials.

There are provided a polyester resin for toner which has a sufficiently low TVOC, can be produced with high productivity, and can produce toner having excellent durability; and toner containing the polyester resin for toner. The polyester resin for toner has a TVOC of 380 ppm or less and includes a component derived from ethylene glycol, a hydrocarbon group having 12 carbon atoms or more, and a titanium element.

There are provided a polyester resin for toner which has a sufficiently low TVOC, can be produced with high productivity, and can produce toner having excellent durability; and toner containing the polyester resin for toner. The polyester resin for toner has a TVOC of 380 ppm or less and includes a component derived from ethylene glycol, a hydrocarbon group having 12 carbon atoms or more, and a titanium element.

A method of producing a toner including the steps of: mixing resin fine particles, an organic solvent, and a resin R with a dispersion medium containing carbon dioxide, to prepare a dispersion of resin R-containing droplets; and removing the organic solvent by flowing carbon dioxide, wherein the resin fine particles contain one or more resins that have a partial structure A, B, and C, and are soluble in chloroform; the SP value of the partial structure A, the resin R, and the partial structure B satisfy particular relationships; a resin A constituted of the partial structure A and a resin B constituted of the partial structure B are soluble in the organic solvent; and a resin C constituted of the partial structure C is insoluble in the organic solvent.