The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display element including a pair of a substrate arranged opposite to each other, an electrode group disposed on one side or both sides of the pair of substrates facing each other, a plurality of active elements connected to the electrode group, a liquid crystal alignment film disposed on each facing side of the pair of substrates, and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pair of substrates, wherein the liquid crystal alignment film is manufactured by irradiating linearly polarized light to a film obtained from polyamic acid or a derivative thereof having a photoisomerization structure in the main chain or a film being subject to heat-baking so as to provide alignment-controlling capability, and the liquid crystal layer is a liquid crystal composition having negative () dielectric anisotropy. By the present invention, a liquid crystal display element having improved image sticking characteristics and good alignment stability is provided.

The present invention relates to liquid-crystalline media comprising one or more compounds selected from the group of compounds of formulae I, II and III,

##STR00001##

in which the parameters R.sup.1-R.sup.3, Z.sup.21, Z.sup.31, Z.sup.32 and rings A.sup.11, A.sup.12, A.sup.13, A.sup.21, A.sup.22, A.sup.31, and A.sup.32 are as defined herein, and to components comprising these media for high-frequency technology, in particular phase shifters and microwave array antennas.

The present invention relates to liquid-crystalline media comprising one or more compounds selected from the group of compounds of formulae I, II and III, ##STR00001##
in which the parameters R.sup.1-R.sup.3, Z.sup.21, Z.sup.31, Z.sup.32 and rings A.sup.11, A.sup.12, A.sup.13, A.sup.21, A.sup.22, A.sup.31, and A.sup.32 are as defined herein, and to components comprising these media for high-frequency technology, in particular phase shifters and microwave array antennas.

An optical component is described which contains a liquid crystal (LC) medium, operable in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The LC medium, which can be used in the infrared (IR) region, can contain one or more compounds of the formulae I, II, and III ##STR00001## in which the occurring groups and parameters have the meanings defined herein, and preferably contain one or more compounds of the formula RO ##STR00002## in which the occurring groups and parameters have the meanings defined herein.

A display device may include a display panel, a touch sensing layer, and a reflection adjustment layer. The touch sensing layer may include a touch insulation layer. The touch insulation layer may include a colorant and may cover a first light-emitting region. The reflection adjustment layer may be disposed on the touch sensing layer. The reflection adjustment layer may include a first adjustment portion which is non-polarized and a second adjustment portion which is polarized. The first adjustment portion may cover the first light-emitting region, and the second adjustment portion may cover a second light-emitting region. The display panel may be configured to emit light of a first wavelength band through the first light-emitting region, and the touch insulation layer may be configured to selectively transmit light of the first wavelength band.