Simple organic structures, organic/inorganic polymers, and other substrates have been made, all of which have at least one pyrrolidone moiety present, and found to exhibit low toxicity, low complement activation features and may be used to reduce protein interactions with drug conjugates while enhancing in vivo residency times for these conjugates when used as an injectable composition; thus these compounds can be used as substitutes for PEG in PEGylation. Surprisingly, these compounds also exhibit unique intrinsic fluorescence (IF) or non-traditional fluorescence (NTF) properties that currently cannot be explained by traditional photochemistry and fluorescence paradigms are described. These compounds have a variety of applications such as in cellular imaging, gene transfection, bio-diagnostics, biosensing, fluorescence directed surgical resections, drug delivery, forensics, environmental diagnostics, mineral/gemstone characterization, counterfeit goods detection, tracer studies related to liquid/water flow, oil field enhancements and diagnostics, prevention of photo-bleaching, and LED display enhancements and others.

The disclosure is directed to crystalline forms and mixtures thereof of R-fasoracetam. Such crystalline forms include Form II monohydrate R-fasoracetam and the anhydrate form of R-fasoracetam. The disclosure further includes mixtures of the anhydrate form of R-fasoracetam together with one or more of Form I monohydrate R-fasoracetam and Form II monohydrate R-fasoracetam.

Ketamine derivatives and pharmaceutical compositions thereof are disclosed. When administered orally the ketamine derivatives provide increased bioavailability of ketamine in the systemic circulation. The ketamine derivatives can be used to treat neurological diseases, psychological diseases and pain.

Ketamine derivatives and pharmaceutical compositions thereof are disclosed. When administered orally the ketamine derivatives provide increased bioavailability of ketamine in the systemic circulation. The ketamine derivatives can be used to treat neurological diseases, psychological diseases and pain.

The present invention relates to a bifunctional chiral organocatalytic compound having excellent enantioselectivity, a preparation method therefor, and a method for producing a non-natural gamma amino acid from a nitro compound by using the chiral organocatalytic compound. According to the present invention, the bifunctional chiral organocatalytic compound having excellent enantioselectivity can be easily synthesized, gamma-amino acids with high optical selectivity can be obtained at a high yield by an economical and convenient method using the chiral organocatalytic compound, and various (R)-configuration gamma-amino acids, which are not present in nature, can be produced with high optical purity in large quantities by using a small amount of a catalyst, and therefore, the present invention can be widely utilized in various industrial fields including the pharmaceutical industry.

The present invention relates to a bifunctional chiral organocatalytic compound having excellent enantioselectivity, a preparation method therefor, and a method for producing a non-natural gamma amino acid from a nitro compound by using the chiral organocatalytic compound. According to the present invention, the bifunctional chiral organocatalytic compound having excellent enantioselectivity can be easily synthesized, gamma-amino acids with high optical selectivity can be obtained at a high yield by an economical and convenient method using the chiral organocatalytic compound, and various (R)-configuration gamma-amino acids, which are not present in nature, can be produced with high optical purity in large quantities by using a small amount of a catalyst, and therefore, the present invention can be widely utilized in various industrial fields including the pharmaceutical industry.

Ketamine derivatives and pharmaceutical compositions thereof are disclosed. When administered orally the ketamine derivatives provide increased bioavailability of ketamine in the systemic circulation. The ketamine derivatives can be used to treat neurological diseases, psychological diseases and pain.

Ketamine derivatives and pharmaceutical compositions thereof are disclosed. When administered orally the ketamine derivatives provide increased bioavailability of ketamine in the systemic circulation. The ketamine derivatives can be used to treat neurological diseases, psychological diseases and pain.

The present invention relates to a composition for the modulation of the activity of non-structure proteins and a compound contained therein.

The present invention relates to a composition for the modulation of the activity of non-structure proteins and a compound contained therein.