Graphene has been used in nanocomposites as constituents/doping in plastics or epoxy providing dramatic enhancement of the mechanical properties but have not progressed past the laboratory level novelty. This invention can provide a graphene based composite structure with a density less that 1.9 g/cm.sup.3 for a fiber, yarn, rope or cable and a density less that 1.5 g/cm.sup.3 for a sheet both structure have tensile and shear strength greater than either Aluminum or Steel; thus providing a graphene material that is both much lighter and stronger.

Disclosed are stretchable electrically conductive structure comprising a stretchable insulating substrate comprising nucleophile derivatized nanoparticles located at the surface of the stretchable insulating substrate, wherein the stretchable insulating substrate is a fiber or fabric; and a conducting polymer: template polymer coating disposed on at least a portion of a surface of the stretchable insulating substrate through which a chemical bond forms between at least one anion of the template polymer and nucleophile derivatized nanoparticles located at the surface of the stretchable insulating substrate.

Disclosed are stretchable electrically conductive structure comprising a stretchable insulating substrate comprising nucleophile derivatized nanoparticles located at the surface of the stretchable insulating substrate, wherein the stretchable insulating substrate is a fiber or fabric; and a conducting polymer: template polymer coating disposed on at least a portion of a surface of the stretchable insulating substrate through which a chemical bond forms between at least one anion of the template polymer and nucleophile derivatized nanoparticles located at the surface of the stretchable insulating substrate.

Graphene has been used in nanocomposites as constituents/doping in plastics or epoxy providing dramatic enhancement of the mechanical properties but have not progressed past the laboratory level novelty. This invention can provide a graphene based composite structure with a density less that 1.9 g/cm.sup.3 for a fiber, yarn, rope or cable and a density less that 1.5 g/cm.sup.3 for a sheet both structure have tensile and shear strength greater than either Aluminum or Steel; thus providing a graphene material that is both much lighter and stronger.

A substrate includes a bonding array with a plurality of bonding locations. A low emissivity layer is deposited on at least one side of the substrate and covers at least some of the bonding locations. The low emissivity layer may be a metal layer which functions as a radiant barrier. The fibers include a melted exterior due to bonding of the fibres at the bonding locations melting the exterior of the fibres.

Systems and methods are presented for fabricating conductive protein-based yarns to produce textile-based supercapacitors (TSCs). Conductive wool yarns are created by coating wool yarn with Ti.sub.3C.sub.2T.sub.x MXene flakes, or by coating wool yarn in MXene@conductive-polymer composite material, such as MXene@polypyrrole (PPY) or MXene@polyaniline (PANI). In some examples, the conductive polymer (e.g., polypyrrole (PPY) or polyaniline (PANI)) is polymerized in the presence of MXene flakes to yield conductive-polymer-coated MXene flakes (MXene@conductive-polymer), and then this material is then used to coat wool yarn to yield a conductive protein-based yarn. MXene materials offer a high conductivity, but tend to oxidize quickly, while conductive polymers have a lower conductivity, but are more chemically stable and less likely to oxidize. As such, it is presently recognized that, by combining these materials, a chemically stable and highly conductive composite material is formed that can be used to coat yarns to make TSCs.

Systems and methods are presented for fabricating conductive protein-based yarns to produce textile-based supercapacitors (TSCs). Conductive wool yarns are created by coating wool yarn with Ti.sub.3C.sub.2T.sub.x MXene flakes, or by coating wool yarn in MXene@conductive-polymer composite material, such as MXene@polypyrrole (PPY) or MXene@polyaniline (PANI). In some examples, the conductive polymer (e.g., polypyrrole (PPY) or polyaniline (PANI)) is polymerized in the presence of MXene flakes to yield conductive-polymer-coated MXene flakes (MXene@conductive-polymer), and then this material is then used to coat wool yarn to yield a conductive protein-based yarn. MXene materials offer a high conductivity, but tend to oxidize quickly, while conductive polymers have a lower conductivity, but are more chemically stable and less likely to oxidize. As such, it is presently recognized that, by combining these materials, a chemically stable and highly conductive composite material is formed that can be used to coat yarns to make TSCs.

A gas barrier fabric is disclosed. The barrier fabric includes a fabric substrate. A heat-resistant coating layer disposed over a first side of the fabric substrate. A first gas barrier layer (also referred to herein as simply as a barrier layer) including a polymer is disposed over a second side of the fabric substrate. A second gas barrier layer is disposed over the first air barrier coating layer of the fabric substrate. The second barrier layer has a thickness of 5 nm to 1000 nm and includes aligned nanoplatelets.

A gas barrier fabric is disclosed. The barrier fabric includes a fabric substrate. A heat-resistant coating layer disposed over a first side of the fabric substrate. A first gas barrier layer (also referred to herein as simply as a barrier layer) including a polymer is disposed over a second side of the fabric substrate. A second gas barrier layer is disposed over the first air barrier coating layer of the fabric substrate. The second barrier layer has a thickness of 5 nm to 1000 nm and includes aligned nanoplatelets.

A method includes coating a substrate to provide a flame resistant substrate. In an embodiment, the method includes exposing the substrate to a cationic solution to produce a cationic layer deposited on the substrate. The cationic solution includes cationic materials. The cationic materials include polymers, nanoparticles, or any combinations thereof. The method further includes exposing the cationic layer to an anionic solution to produce an anionic layer deposited on the cationic layer to produce a bilayer. The bilayer is the anionic layer and the cationic layer. The anionic solution includes layerable materials.