The present invention relates to methods of processing lignocellulosic material to obtain hemicellulose sugars, cellulose sugars, lignin, cellulose and other high-value products such as asphalt and bio oils. Also provided are hemicellulose sugars, cellulose sugars, lignin, cellulose, and other high-value products such as asphalt and bio oils.

A carbon material having a continuous porous structure oriented to the stretching axis is provided, which carbon material can be used as a structural material excellent in interfacial adhesion. The porous carbon material has a continuous porous structure in at least a portion thereof, in which the continuous porous structure has an orientation degree measured by a small-angle X-ray scattering method or an X-ray CT method of 1.10 or more.

A carbon material having a continuous porous structure oriented to the stretching axis is provided, which carbon material can be used as a structural material excellent in interfacial adhesion. The porous carbon material has a continuous porous structure in at least a portion thereof, in which the continuous porous structure has an orientation degree measured by a small-angle X-ray scattering method or an X-ray CT method of 1.10 or more.

Described is a method of producing fibers by melting process in spinning extruders by using a composition containing polyacrylonitrile (PAN), lignin and plasticizers with high boiling point and dipolar moment, such as glycerine and glycerol carbonate. The use of thermal stabilizers also derived from halogenated glycerol, known as halodridines, and additives derived from the esterification of glycerin with fatty and phosphoric acids are also described. By removing the plasticizers and the soluble additives in polar solvents, such as water and alcohols, shortly after the spinning step, it is possible to produce fibers from PAN/lignin blend with characteristics similar to those produced by traditional wet spinning process, widely used in the production of carbon fiber. The lignin used may be that obtained by the Kraft Process. The glycerin used as a plasticizer can be derived from the production of biodiesel, which does not need to be purified by distillation process.

The present disclosure relates generally to a process for producing polymer fibers, typically polyacrylonitrile-based fibers, the morphology of which is controlled by the use of a polymer additive to form a polymer blend with polyacrylonitrile, which is then subjected to certain coagulation and washing conditions. The present disclosure also relates to carbon fibers produced by processing the polymer fibers made.

The nano-fibre derivative method includes polymerization of 3-methoxthiophene (MOT) monomer on Poly(acrylonitrile co-itaconic acid) matrix and by use of electro-spinning of the produced nano-particulate.

Polymeric blends and filaments prepared from the blends are provided for improving isotropy in three-dimensional objects prepared by fused deposition modeling (FDM) processes. The polymeric blends include a high molecular weight (HMW) thermoplastic polymer and an additive comprising a low molecular weight (LMW) thermoplastic polymer. The HMW and LMW polymers can be the same type of polymer (e.g., poly(lactic acid)) or have at least one type of monomeric unit in common. The LMW polymer additive can have a molecular weight that is greater than the entanglement molecular weight and is about half the molecular weight of the HMW polymer or less. Inclusion of the LMW polymer can increase interfacial adhesion between filaments prepared from the blends. Also provided are three-dimensional objects prepared from a FDM process that have improved isotropic properties and methods of improving the isotropic properties of a three-dimensional object.

A flame-retardant modacrylic fiber including a modacrylic copolymer in an amount of 100 parts by mass, and a zinc stannate compound in an amount of 1 to 18 parts by mass, wherein the zinc stannate compound has an average particle size D50 of 0.5 ?m or more is provided. Further, a flame-retardant fiber composite and a flame-retardant work clothing including the flame-retardant modacrylic fiber in an amount of 30 to 80 mass %, and one or more other fibers selected from the group consisting of natural fibers and chemical fibers in an amount of 20 to 70 mass % are provided.

A flame-retardant fiber composite includes an acrylic fiber A containing an acrylic copolymer and an aramid fiber. The acrylic fiber A is substantially free of an antimony compound, and the flame-retardant fiber composite forms a surface-foamed char layer when burned. A flame-retardant work clothing includes the flame-retardant acrylic fiber. A highly flame-retardant fiber composite and highly flame-retardant work clothing include an acrylic fiber, and are capable of exhibiting high flame retardancy while suppressing environmental impacts caused by a flame retardant.

According to the present invention, there is provided an acrylonitrile-based fiber for electrodes which contains a hydrophilic ingredient in an inner area of the fiber and has a volume resistivity of not more than 110.sup.9 .Math.cm.