An energy storage cell, comprising: a layer comprising a plurality of fibers, the plurality of fibers having a MXene material disposed thereon; an electrolyte disposed on the layer; a first conductor in electronic communication with the electrolyte; and a second conductor in electronic communication with the electrolyte. Energy storage devices, the energy storage device comprising at least one energy storage cell according to the present disclosure. A method, comprising the use of an energy storage device according to the present disclosure.

An energy storage cell, comprising: a layer comprising a plurality of fibers, the plurality of fibers having a MXene material disposed thereon; an electrolyte disposed on the layer; a first conductor in electronic communication with the electrolyte; and a second conductor in electronic communication with the electrolyte. Energy storage devices, the energy storage device comprising at least one energy storage cell according to the present disclosure. A method, comprising the use of an energy storage device according to the present disclosure.

Provided are zirconium phosphate particles, obtained by bringing -zirconium phosphate particles into contact with a basic liquid having a pH of 9 or higher and then further bringing the particles into contact with an acidic liquid having a pH of 6 or lower, or zirconium phosphate particles, in which, after leaving for 10 minutes from putting 10 mg of zirconium phosphate particles and 3 L of air that contains 1,000 ppm of an ammonia gas into a test bag at normal temperature and normal pressure, an ammonia gas reduction rate within the test bag that contains the zirconium phosphate particles is 50% or more.

Provided are zirconium phosphate particles, obtained by bringing -zirconium phosphate particles into contact with a basic liquid having a pH of 9 or higher and then further bringing the particles into contact with an acidic liquid having a pH of 6 or lower, or zirconium phosphate particles, in which, after leaving for 10 minutes from putting 10 mg of zirconium phosphate particles and 3 L of air that contains 1,000 ppm of an ammonia gas into a test bag at normal temperature and normal pressure, an ammonia gas reduction rate within the test bag that contains the zirconium phosphate particles is 50% or more.