A leather substrate formed from waste leather and its method of production, particularly a leather substrate made up substantially of a collagen fibril matrix.

A reconstituted-leather-manufacturing process includes a progressively increasing application of pressure to an aqueous leather solution to form a web of leather fibers. The solution/web may be dewatered to an extent before the first application of a pressure so that the solution/web consistency is on the order 29-55% (fiber to web/solution, by weight) when the first pressure of the progressive sequence of pressures is applied. Tannin (and various chemicals) may be added to the solution. The progressive pressing of the solution/web may be followed by a progressive drying of the web by application of a sequence of increasing temperatures via drying vessels.

A nonwoven web, containing at least one first homogeneous layer consisting of a blend of at least one of defibrated natural plant based fibers, individualized natural plant based fibers and staple fibers is provided. The nonwoven web contains no binder, adhesive or thermal bonding fibers and a basis weight of the at least one homogeneous layer is from 20 g/m.sup.2 to 100 g/m.sup.2. When a weighted average fiber length of the at least one of defibrated natural plant based fibers, individualized natural plant based fibers and staple fibers is greater than about 4.0 mm, the nonwoven web is a non-dispersible product which does not meet the requirement for dispersibility in accordance with INDA/EDANA GD4, and when a weighted average fiber length of the at least one of defibrated natural plant based fibers, individualized natural plant based fibers and staple fibers is less than about 4.0 min, the nonwoven web is a dispersible product as defined in accordance with INDA/EDANA GD4. Methods to prepare the nonwoven web are provided.

A nonwoven web, containing at least one first homogeneous layer consisting of a blend of at least one of defibrated natural plant based fibers, individualized natural plant based fibers and staple fibers is provided. The nonwoven web contains no binder, adhesive or thermal bonding fibers and a basis weight of the at least one homogeneous layer is from 20 g/m.sup.2 to 100 g/m.sup.2. When a weighted average fiber length of the at least one of defibrated natural plant based fibers, individualized natural plant based fibers and staple fibers is greater than about 4.0 mm, the nonwoven web is a non-dispersible product which does not meet the requirement for dispersibility in accordance with INDA/EDANA GD4, and when a weighted average fiber length of the at least one of defibrated natural plant based fibers, individualized natural plant based fibers and staple fibers is less than about 4.0 min, the nonwoven web is a dispersible product as defined in accordance with INDA/EDANA GD4. Methods to prepare the nonwoven web are provided.

A blade attachment tool includes a first support member supported by a pressing support portion supporting a blade formed of an elastic member configured to wipe/scrape liquid/solids spreading on an abutment surface by being pressed against the abutment surface and being long in one direction such that the blade is pressed against the abutment surface with a predetermined pressing force, a second support member supported to swing about a swing shaft extending in a longitudinal direction of the blade with respect to the first support member and configured such that a base end side of the blade is attached thereto, and an energizing member configured to apply a reaction force to a friction force that causes the second support member to swing about the swing shaft with respect to the first support member when the blade is pressed against the abutment surface to slide relatively to the abutment surface.

The paper material comprises a support base having at least one surface treated with at least one surface adhesive giving the paper material printability characteristics, the support base containing a mixture of fibres, at least one polymeric substance, adapted to give the support base strength, and at least one inorganic filler, adapted to give the support base machinability characteristics, the mixture of fibres comprising cellulose fibres and animal milk protein fibres.

The paper material comprises a support base having at least one surface treated with at least one surface adhesive giving the paper material printability characteristics, the support base containing a mixture of fibres, at least one polymeric substance, adapted to give the support base strength, and at least one inorganic filler, adapted to give the support base machinability characteristics, the mixture of fibres comprising cellulose fibres and animal milk protein fibres.

In a method of making a conductive structure, a reducing agent is applied to a region of a sheet of graphene oxide composite paper for a predetermined amount of time. The reducing agent is removed after the predetermined amount of time so as to expose a region of reduced graphene oxide disposed in the sheet of graphene oxide composite paper. A conductive structure includes a sheet of graphene oxide composite paper. At least one region on the sheet of graphene oxide composite paper includes reduced graphene oxide.

In a method of making a conductive structure, a reducing agent is applied to a region of a sheet of graphene oxide composite paper for a predetermined amount of time. The reducing agent is removed after the predetermined amount of time so as to expose a region of reduced graphene oxide disposed in the sheet of graphene oxide composite paper. A conductive structure includes a sheet of graphene oxide composite paper. At least one region on the sheet of graphene oxide composite paper includes reduced graphene oxide.

An oyster paper and a manufacturing method thereof are provided. The oyster paper is made of 60%-70% oyster shell powder, 10%-20% polymer, 15%-17% natural biodegradation inducing agent, and 3%-5% natural biodegradation assisting additive agent, by volume ratio, which are subjected to mixing and pre-melting processing, followed by compounding and pelletizing to prepare oyster paper pellets, which are then subjected to film blowing processing to be film-blown into an oyster paper product having a thickness of 0.05-0.5 millimeters. The oyster paper possesses the quality of wood pulp paper and shows bettered stiffness and wider applications. The oyster paper also provides, after being disposed and buried, an effect of being 100% natural degradation into compost for fertilizing the soil. As such, a kind of oyster paper featuring recycling and reuse of oceanic creature waste shell and natural microorganism induced degradation for composting and recycling and a manufacturing method thereof are provided.